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ittle more than a year after its formation entertainment industry edit for eight consecutive years 1995 2002 all films nominated for an academy award for distinguished achievement in visual effects were created on silicon graphics computer systems 47 the technology was also used in commercials for a host of companies an sgi crimson system with the fsn 48 three dimensional file system navigator appeared in the 1993 movie jurassic park 49 in the movie twister protagonists can be seen using an sgi laptop computer however the unit shown was not an actual working computer but rather a fake laptop shell built around an sgi corona lcd flat screen display 50 the 1995 film congo also features an sgi laptop computer being used by dr ross laura linney to communicate via satellite to travicom hq 51 the purple lowercased sgi logo can be seen at the beginning of the opening credits of the hbo series silicon valley before being taken down and replaced by the google logo as the intro graphics progress google leased the former sgi buildings in 2003 for their headquarters in mountain view ca until they purchased the buildings outright in 2006 once inexpensive pcs began to have graphics performance close to the more expensive specialized graphical workstations which were sgi s core business sgi shifted its focus to high performance servers for digital video and the web many sgi graphics engineers left to work at other computer graphics companies such as ati and nvidia contributing to the pc 3d graphics revolution free software edit sgi was a promoter of free software citation needed supporting several projects such as linux and samba and opening some of its own previously proprietary code such as the xfs filesystem and the open64 compiler sgi was also important in its contribution to the c standard template library stl with many useful extensions in the mit like licensed sgi stl implementation the extension keeps being carried by the direct descendant stlport and gnu s libstdc 52 acquisition of alias wavefront cray and intergraph edit in 1995 sgi purchased alias research kroyer films and wavefront technologies in a deal totaling approximately 500 million and merged the companies into alias wavefront in june 2004 sgi sold the business later renamed to alias wavefront to the private equity investment firm accel kkr for 57 1 million in october 2005 autodesk announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire alias for 182 million in cash in february 1996 sgi purchased the well known supercomputer manufacturer cray research for 740 million 53 and began to use marketing names such as craylink for sgi developed technology integrated into the sgi server line three months later it sold the cray business systems division responsible for the cs6400 sparc solaris server to sun microsystems for an undisclosed amount acknowledged later by a sun executive to be significantly less than 100 million 54 55 many of the cray t3e engineers designed and developed the sgi altix and numalink technology sgi sold the cray brand and product lines to tera computer company on march 31 2000 for 35 million plus one million shares 56 sgi also distributed its remaining interest in mips technologies through a spin off effective june 20 2000 in september 2000 sgi acquired the zx10 series of windows workstations and servers from intergraph computer systems for a rumored 100 million and rebadged them as sgi systems the product line was discontinued in june 2001 sgi visual workstations edit another attempt by sgi in the late 1990s to introduce its own family of intel based workstations running windows nt or red hat linux see also sgi visual workstation proved to be a financial disaster and shook customer confidence in sgi s commitment to its own mips based line switch to itanium edit in 1998 sgi announced that future generations of its machines would be based not on their own mips processors but the upcoming super chip from intel code named merced and later called itanium funding for its own high end processors was reduced and it was planned that the r10000 would be the last mips mainstream processor mips technologies would focus entirely on the embedded market where it was having some success and sgi would no longer have to fund development of a cpu that since the failure of arc found use only in their own machines this plan quickly went awry as early as 1999 it was clear the itanium was going to be delivered very late and would have nowhere near the performance originally expected as the production delays increased mips existing r10000 based machines grew increasingly uncompetitive eventually it was forced to introduce faster mips processors the r12000 r14000 and r16000 which were used in a series of models from 1999 through 2006 57 sgi s first itanium based system was the short lived sgi 750 workstation launched in 2001 sgi s mips based systems were not to be superseded until the launch of the itanium 2 based altix servers and prism workstations some time later unlike the mips systems which ran irix the itanium systems used suse linux enterprise server with sgi enhancements as their operating system sgi used transitive corporation s quicktransit software to allow their old mips irix applications to run in emulation on the new itanium linux platform in the server market the itanium 2 based altix eventually replaced the mips based origin product line in the workstation market the switch to itanium was not completed before sgi exited the market the altix was the most powerful computer in the world in 2006 assuming that a computer is defined as a collection of hardware running under a single instance of an operating system the altix had 512 itanium processors running under a single instance of linux a cluster of 20 machines was then the eighth fastest supercomputer all faster supercomputers were clusters but none have as many flops per machine however more recent supercomputers are very large clusters of machines that are individually less capable sgi acknowledged this and in 2007 moved away from the massive numa model to clusters switch to xeon edit although sgi continued to market itanium based machines its more recent machines were based on the intel xeon processor the first altix xe systems were relatively low end machines but by december 2006 the xe systems were more capable than the itanium machines by some measures e g power consumption in flops w density in flops m 3 cost flops the xe1200 and xe1300 servers used a cluster architecture this was a departure from the pure numa architectures of the earlier itanium and mips servers in june 2007 sgi announced the altix ice 8200 a blade based xeon system with up to 512 xeon cores per rack 58 an altix ice 8200 installed at new mexico computing applications center with 14336 processors ranked at number 3 on the top500 list of november 2007 user base and core market edit conventional wisdom holds that sgi s core market has traditionally been hollywood visual effects studios in fact sgi s largest revenue has always been generated by government and defense applications energy and scientific and technical computing 59 in one case silicon graphics largest single sale ever was to the united states postal service sgi s servers powered an artificial intelligence program to mechanically read tag and sort the mail hand written and block at a number of usps s key mail centers the rise of cheap yet powerful commodity workstations running linux windows and mac os x and the availability of diverse professional software for them effectively pushed sgi out of the visual effects industry in all but the most niche markets high end server market edit sgi continued to enhance its line of servers including some supercomputers based on the sn architecture sn for scalable node is a technology developed by sgi in the mid 1990s that uses cache coherent non uniform memory access cc numa in an sn system processors memory and a bus and memory controller are coupled together into an entity called a node usually on a single circuit board nodes are connected by a high speed interconnect called numalink originally marketed as craylink there is no internal bus and instead access between processors memory and i o devices is done through a switched fabric of links and routers thanks to the cache coherence of the distributed shared memory sn systems scale along several axes at once as cpu count increases so does memory capacity i o capacity and system bisection bandwidth this allows the combined memory of all the nodes to be accessed under a single os image using standard shared memory synchronization methods this makes an sn system far easier to program and able to achieve higher sustained to peak performance than non cache coherent systems like conventional clusters or massively parallel computers which require applications code to be written or re written to do explicit message passing communication between their nodes the first sn system known as sn 0 was released in 1996 under the product name origin 2000 based on the mips r10000 processor it scaled from 2 to 128 processors and a smaller version the origin 200 sn 00 scaled from 1 to 4 later enhancements enabled systems of as large as 512 processors the second generation system originally called sn 1 but later sn mips was released in july 2000 as the origin 3000 it scaled from 4 to 512 processors and 1 024 processor configurations were delivered by special order to some customers a smaller less scalable implementation followed called origin 300 in november 2002 sgi announced a repackaging of its sn system under the name origin 3900 it quadrupled the processor area density of the sn mips system from 32 up to 128 processors per rack while moving to a fat tree interconnect topology in january 2003 sgi announced a variant of the sn platform called the altix 3000 internally called sn ia it used intel itanium 2 processors and ran the linux operating system kernel at the time it was released it was the world s most scalable linux based computer supporting up to 64 processors in a single system node 60 nodes could be connected using the same numalink technology to form what sgi predictably termed superclusters in february 2004 sgi announced general support for 128 processor nodes to be followed by 256 and 512 processor versions that year in april 2004 sgi announced the sale of its alias software business for approximately 57 million 61 in october 2004 sgi built the supercomputer columbia which broke the world record for computer speed for the nasa ames research center it was a cluster of 20 altix supercomputers each with 512 intel itanium 2 processors running linux and achieved sustained speed of 42 7 trillion floating point operations per second teraflops easily topping japan s famed earth simulator s record of 35 86 teraflops a week later ibm s upgraded blue gene l clocked in at 70 7 teraflops in july 2006 sgi announced an sgi altix 4700 system with 1 024 processors and 4 tb of memory running a single linux system image 62 hardware products edit some 68k and mips based models were also rebadged by other vendors including cdc tandem computers prime computer and siemens nixdorf sgi onyx and sgi indy series systems were used for game development for the nintendo 64 motorola 68k based systems edit iris 1000 series graphics terminals diskless 1000 1200 1400 1500 with disks iris 2000 series workstations 2000 2200 2300 2400 2500 non turbo and 2300t 2400t 2500t turbo models iris 3000 series workstations 3010 3020 3030 and 3110 3115 3120 3130 mips based systems edit sgi indigo sgi indy sgi octane sgi onyx sgi o2 sgi tezro workstation workstations edit professional iris series iris 4d 50 60 70 80 85 personal iris series iris 4d 20 25 30 35 iris power series iris 4d 1x0 2x0 3x0 4x0 iris crimson deskside workstation server iris indigo series indigo indigo r4000 indigo² series indigo² power indigo² indigo² r10000 indy workstation o2 o2 workstation octane workstation octane2 workstation fuel entry level workstation tezro high end workstation 63 servers edit challenge s desktop server challenge m power challenge m desktop server challenge dm deskside server challenge l power challenge challenge 10000 deskside server challenge xl power challenge xl rack server origin 200 entry level server origin 2000 high end server origin 300 entry level server origin 350 mid range server origin 3000 high end server visualization edit onyx deskside and rackmount systems power onyx deskside and rackmount systems onyx 10000 deskside and rackmount systems onyx2 deskside and rackmount systems onyx 350 rackmount systems onyx 3000 rackmount systems onyx4 rackmount systems skywriter rackmount systems intel ia 32 based systems edit sgi 540 visual workstation workstations edit sgi 320 visual workstation windows nt sgi 540 visual workstation windows nt sgi 230 workstation linux windows nt sgi 330 workstation linux windows nt sgi 550 workstation linux windows nt sgi zx10 visual workstation windows sgi zx10 ve visual workstation windows servers edit sgi zx10 server windows sgi 1100 server linux windows sgi 1200 server linux windows sgi 1400 server linux windows sgi 1450 server linux windows sgi internet server linux sgi internet server for e commerce linux sgi internet server for messaging linux itanium based systems edit sgi 750 workstation altix 330 entry level server altix 350 mid range server altix 3000 high end server altix 450 mid range server altix 4000 high end server capable of up to 2048 cpus prism deskside and rackmount systems intel amd x86 64 systems edit altix xe210 server altix xe240 server altix xe310 server altix xe1200 cluster altix xe1300 cluster altix ice 8200 altix ice 8400 virtu vn200 visualization node virtu vs100 workstation virtu vs200 workstation virtu vs300 workstation virtu vs350 workstation fpga based accelerators edit rasc application acceleration storage systems edit infinitestorage 10000 infinitestorage 6700 infinitestorage 4600 infinitestorage 4500 infinitestorage 4000 infinitestorage 350 infinitestorage 220 infinitestorage 120 sgi infinite data cluster clarification needed storage solutions edit infinitestorage nexis 500 infinitestorage nexis 2000 infinitestorage nexis 7000 infinitestorage nexis 7000 ha infinitestorage nexis 9000 infinitestorage server 3500 displays edit 1600sw a multi award winning wide screen video monitor accelerator cards edit irisvision one of the first 3d graphics accelerators for high end pcs other edit espressigo espresso maker in collaboration with gaggia sgi timeline edit see also edit sco and sgi rick belluzzo sgi ceo from january 1998 to august 1999 silicon graphics image references edit business entity detail business search database california secretary of state archived from the original on march 15 2015 retrieved december 30 2013 bowen jonathan 2001 silicon graphics inc in rojas raúl ed encyclopedia of computers and computer history new york fitzroy dearborn publishers the mo...
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