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Text of the page (random words):
orial waters of another country a historical example is west berlin before the reunification of germany since 1945 all of berlin had been ruled de jure by the four allied powers however the east german government and the soviet union treated east berlin as an integral part of east germany so west berlin was a de facto enclave within east germany also 12 small west berlin enclaves such as steinstücken were separated from the city some by only a few meters 11 true exclaves edit for broader coverage of true exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves the nakhchivan autonomous republic a true exclave true exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave in order to access a true exclave from the mainland a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state the nakhchivan autonomous republic is an example of a true exclave as to access it from the azerbaijan mainland a traveller must pass through the territory of at least one foreign country armenia iran or turkey related constructs and terms edit enclave exclave semi enclave semi exclave both enclave and exclave enclave but not exclave exclave but not enclave both semi enclave and semi exclave semi enclave but not semi exclave semi exclave but not semi enclave number of distinct alien territory a bordered 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 belongs to a larger territory maybe yes maybe yes yes no yes yes no yes has unsurrounded sea border s c no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes semi enclaves and semi exclaves edit for broader coverage of semi enclaves and semi exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves semi enclaves and semi exclaves are areas that except for possessing a sea border that is not surrounded would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves 4 116 5 12 14 semi enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state such as monaco the gambia and brunei vinokurov 2007 declares technically portugal denmark and canada also border only one foreign state but they are not enclosed in the geographical political or economic sense they have vast access to international waters at the same time there are states that although in possession of sea access are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state 5 14 therefore a quantitative principle applies the land boundary must be longer than the coastline thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi enclave if it borders on just one state and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline 5 14 20 22 since vinokurov s writing in 2007 canada and the kingdom of denmark have each gained a second bordering state each other with the 2022 division of hans island vinokurov affirms that no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non sovereign semi enclaves exclaves 5 14 26 12 subnational enclaves and exclaves edit for broader coverage of subnational enclaves and exclaves see list of enclaves and exclaves sometimes administrative divisions of a country for historical or practical reasons caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another practical enclaves exclaves and inaccessible districts edit for broader coverage of practical enclaves exclaves and inaccessible districts see list of enclaves and exclaves the term pene exclave was defined in robinson 1959 as parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently in particular by wheeled traffic only through the territory of another country 6 283 thus a pene exclave although having land borders is not completely surrounded by the other s land or territorial waters 13 60 catudal 1974 14 113 and vinokurov 2007 5 31 33 further elaborate upon examples including point roberts although physical connections by water with point roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the united states land access is only possible through canada 14 pene enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves 5 31 they can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but nevertheless a discontinuity on land such as in the case of point roberts 5 47 along rivers that change course pene enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene enclaves 5 50 a pene enclave can also exist entirely on land such as when intervening mountains render a territory although geographically attached inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory a commonly cited example is the kleinwalsertal a valley part of vorarlberg austria that is only accessible from germany to the north being separated from the rest of austria by high mountains traversed by no roads another example is the spanish village of os de civís accessible from andorra the hamlet of boston corner was a pene exclave of massachusetts separated by mountains until it was ceded to new york hence such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes without meeting the strict definition many pene exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water which comprises their own territorial waters i e they are not surrounded by other nations territorial waters they border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country and hence they are not true exclaves still one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country attribution of a pene enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not 5 33 land owned by a foreign country edit land for the captain cook monument was deeded outright to the british government by the independent nation of hawaii in 1877 one or more parcels holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries most instances are exempt from taxes in the special case of embassies consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions such as being exempt from major hindrances and host country arrests in ordinary times on the premises most non embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant sale in most matters nonetheless for a person s offence against the property itself equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority s homeland devoid of permanent residents formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below nonetheless minor laws especially on flag flying are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation s monument embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi sovereignty depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time to time by host nations subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law including giving warnings the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely usually on a breakdown of relations in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage or as another form of sanction the same seems to be possible in profit driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site the same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves notes edit including sea territory excluding international sea called maritime enclave if surrounded by alien territorial sea has direct access to international waters a sovereign semi en exclave must have a land boundary longer than its coastline see also edit flagpole annexation landlocked country panhandle inner suburb extraterritoriality of princess margriet s birth lists edit list of countries that border only one other country list of enclaves and exclaves list of ethnic enclaves in north american cities list of former foreign enclaves in china citations edit 1 2 raton pierre 1958 les enclaves annuaire français de droit international 4 186 doi 10 3406 afdi 1958 1373 1 2 3 melamid alexander 1968 enclaves and exclaves in sills david ed international encyclopedia of the social sciences vol 5 the macmillan company free press 1 2 exclave webster s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language 1989 p 497 1 2 3 4 rozhkov yuryevsky yuri 2013 the concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the kaliningrad region baltic region 2 2 113 123 doi 10 5922 2079 8555 2013 2 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 vinokurov evgeny 2007 the theory of enclaves lanham md lexington books 1 2 robinson g w s september 1959 exclaves annals of the association of american geographers 49 3 part 1 283 295 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1959 tb01614 x jstor 2561461 1 2 le grand robert dictionnaire de la langue française 2001 vol iii p 946 webster s encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of the english language 1989 p 1304 servitude law a right possessed by one person with respect to another s property consisting either of a right to use the other s property or a power to prevent certain uses of it government jobs in bsnl 01 jobs opening jobresultsnic in archived from the original on 2014 12 24 retrieved 2014 02 24 as can be seen on 18th century maps of germany and other european countries by british cartographers and publishers such as r wilkinson berlin exclaves archived from the original on 2013 04 29 retrieved 2013 05 02 vinokurov 2007 p 29 also refers to semi exclaves as a type of mere exclave with sea connection to the mainland melamid 1968 states contiguous territories of states which for all regular commercial and administrative purposes can be reached only through the territory of other states are called pene enclaves pene exclaves these have virtually the same characteristics as complete enclaves exclaves 1 2 catudal honoré m 1974 exclaves cahiers de géographie du québec 18 43 107 136 doi 10 7202 021178ar general and cited references edit robinson g w s september 1959 exclaves annals of the association of american geographers 49 3 part 1 283 295 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1959 tb01614 x jstor 2561461 vinokurov evgeny 2007 a theory of enclaves lexington books isbn 978 0 7391 2403 1 archived from the original on 2017 03 14 retrieved 2020 05 01 external links edit look up enclave in wiktionary the free dictionary wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclopædia britannica article enclave wikimedia commons has media related to exclaves and enclaves rolf palmberg s enclaves of the world jan s krogh s geosite tangled territories 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in europe published in hidden europe magazine barry smith s baarle site evgeny vinokurov s theory of enclaves a comprehensive economic and political treatment of enclaves and exclaves v t e designations for types of administrative division english terms common english terms area insular area local government area special area unincorporated area unorganized area borough county borough metropolitan borough canton half canton capital federal capital imperial capital city autonomous city charter city independent city incorporated city imperial city free imperial city royal free city community autonomous community residential community county administrative county autonomous county consolidated city county county seat county town metropolitan county non metropolitan county regional county municipality viscounty country overseas country department overseas department district capital district city district congressional district electoral district federal district indian government district land district local government district metropolitan district non metropolitan district military district municipal district police district regional district rural district sanitary district service district educational service district local service district school district intermediate school district special district in the us urban district division census division police division subdivision of india indian reserve reservation indian reservation united states indian reserve canada municipality city municipality county municipality direct controlled municipality district municipality neutral municipality regional municipality resort municipality mountain resort municipality rural municipality specialized municipality prefecture autonomous prefecture subprefecture super prefecture praetorian prefecture province autonomous province overseas province roman province region administrative region special administrative region autonomous region capital region national capital region mesoregion microregion overseas region subregion state quasi state city state federal state free state sovereign state territory capital territory federal capital territory national capital territory dependent territory federal territory incorporated territory organized incorporated territory overseas territory union territory town census town market town township charter township civil township paper township survey township urban township unit regional unit zone economic zone exclusive economic zone free economic zone special economic zone exclusion zone military exclusion zone free speech zone neutral zone self administered zone trade zone free trade zone other english terms current alpine resort bailiwick banner autonomous block cadastre circle circuit colony commune condominium constituency duchy district eldership emirate enclave and exclave federal dependency governorate hamlet manor royal muftiate neighbourhood parish precinct principality protectorate quarter regency autonomous republic riding sector autonomous shire sultanate suzerainty townland village summer ward historical agency barony burgh exarchate hide hundred imperial circle march monthon presidency residency roman diocese seat tenth tithing viceroyalty non english terms or loanwords current amt apskritis bakhsh barangay bashki bezirk regierungsbezirk comarca comune frazione freguesia fu gemeinde austria germany south tyrol switzerland gemeente gmina hromada județ kampong kommun kunta finland sweden län sweden landskap finland località maakunta megye muban mukim njësi administrative obec oblast autonomous okrug ostān poblacion purok qark raion savivaldybė selsoviet sitio seniūnija shahrestān sum china sýsla tehsil townlet vingtaine historical commote gau heerlijkheid komunë dominion köping korale län lääni landskap sweden landskommun maalaiskunta nome egypt greece pagus pargana plasă rreth satrapy socken subah syssel zhou used by ten or more countries or having derived terms historical derivations in italics see also autonomous administration census division electoral district list of administrative divisions by country greek administrative divisions slavic administrative divisions retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title enclave_and_exclave oldid 1374699324 categories en...
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