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hip existed from the 1860s where torpedoes were made famous in the american civil war until the demise of large fixed coastal fortifications brought on by the changes of world war ii history and terminology edit the earliest naval mines were the torpedoes associated with harbor defenses thus the vessels required to place the torpedoes were termed torpedo planters with the equipment evolving with the mines for example in the record of the sixtieth congress of 1908 there is mention of procurement of one torpedo planter and two launches for the hawaiian islands in connection with submarine mines in hawaiian island defenses 2 in the united states and some other countries there was a coastal defense torpedo service that required vessels capable of placing the devices and associated firing cables as early as the late 19th century by 1904 the first vessels specifically designed for this work were under construction in the united states these were to emplace the controlled minefields that were a major part of the endicott program that was the origin of the coast artillery corps 3 4 5 the outbreak of naval warfare in world war i saw extensive use of sea mines the first naval ships destined to be minelayers were first termed mine planters as seen in navy ship references 6 the term appears to be used interchangeably in naval usage during that period 7 for example in an address to the u s navy ships of mine squadron one at portland england admiral sims used the term mine layer while the introduction speaks of the men assembled from the mine planters 8 as the distinct difference between planting individual mines and laying mine barrages by dropping large numbers of mines at sea emerged the term minelayer began to apply to the naval vessels engaged and built for this type of operation 9 in the coastal defense system the usage of mine planter was continued in the united states 1918 saw the creation of the u s army mine planter service usamps the designation of mine planter was continued for the largest specialized ships of that service until the effective end of the service in the closing years of world war ii during that time the formal usage of mine planter was applied to the ships and their names were prefixed by u s army mine planter usamp the usamps was formally ended in 1954 by congress in the warrant officer personnel act some five years after its vessels had been dispersed 10 4 5 design and function edit the earliest u s vessels involved in the work were not specially designed for the purpose vessels capable of handling heavy loads over the side were drafted into the function some were small tugs and other commercial types the ship required suitable rigging to lift the mines and anchors along with associated cables over the side for planting adequate deck space was also required for safe work and to carry the mines stability was also a factor as some of the small vessels had shown themselves to be less than stable with such loads 11 by the early days of the 20th century the army s experience with some of these vessels indicated a need for a design specifically adapted to the work by 1904 the first of these ships were under construction 4 5 collateral duties edit the planters and associated vessels performed a number of duties beyond tending the minefields target towing was a specific task assigned to the vessels they also served as observation platforms during demonstration or exercise firing of either the fortification guns or mines in the later cable capable vessels they laid telephone and other communication cables within the coastal fortification systems during army s summer camp for army reserve national guard and rotc or occasional official visits they served as cruise vessels for tours and occasional entertainment the ships were assigned transportation duty as required and when available to support coast artillery missions 4 5 obsoletion edit the entire concept of massive fixed fortifications was shown to be obsolete in the early days of world war ii by the end of the war the coast artillery corps mission was already shifting to air defense and coast fortifications were being stripped the mine planter service ships appear to be engaged more in their collateral duties than working the minefields mine planter disposition edit one of the m 1 1942 43 ships general samuel m mills of 1942 was retained by the army and assigned to other missions while another was sold directly to commercial interests and became a fishing vessel 12 u s navy edit by early 1944 most of the 1942 43 ships were being transferred to the u s navy to be converted into a class termed the auxiliary minelayer acm mma with some of those vessels already working in the european theater or headed to japan when the war ended 13 u s coast guard edit mine planters were designed to handle heavy mines over the side rather than dropping mines astern from racks or rails as is usual in naval minelayers as a result many of these vessels had particular applicability to the u s coast guard buoy tending role a number of the pre world war ii ships became the coast guard speedwell class through the u s lighthouse service uslhs after a 1920 reduction in the army 14 several became small cable ships a number of the world war ii constructed vessels followed their predecessors of the uslhs uscg in going from navy to the coast guard as postwar buoy tenders u s army mine planters edit mine planters associated ships 1904 1909 edit usamp major samuel ringgold built 1904 national archives and records administration the first specialized army mine planters were built in 1904 with a second group in 1909 these were to emplace and maintain the controlled minefields that were a major part of the endicott program that was the origin of the coast artillery corps these ships were designed to plant mines but lacked full specialized capability to lay and maintain the minefield control cables some of these ships are noted in official documents as torpedo planters showing the evolution of terminology ships under signal corps direction assisted one of the ships joseph henry was taken into the coast artillery corps for that purpose 15 col george armistead 16 col henry j hunt 17 gen henry knox 18 maj samuel ringgold 19 gen royal t frank became army small transport serving in hawaii sunk by japanese submarine i 71 on 28 january 1942 20 21 22 23 gen samuel m mills transferred to u s coast guard on 29 april 1922 named uscgc pequot warc 58 on 1 may 1922 served as a cable ship until decommissioned on 5 december 1946 20 24 25 gen e o c ord 26 gen john m schofield 20 27 cable ships cyrus w field and joseph henry were associated with mine cable work and next generation mine planter development that incorporated cable capability into the new ships 3 28 joseph henry was taken into the mine planter service cyrus w field appears listed only in association with mine cable work and with the mine planters in archival records 29 15 joseph henry became greek cable ship thalis o milisios now at the maritime museum at faliro athens 3 30 cyrus w field remained with signal corps doing mine and other cable work 31 mine planters 1917 1919 edit a year after the 1918 establishment of the mine planter service the next generation of vessels specifically designed to plant and maintain the mines and cables comprising the mine battery of the harbor defense commands was added to the fleet a year later 1920 saw a major reduction in the army and the transfer of six of these new ships to the u s lighthouse service the former mine planters were converted to lighthouse tenders and buoy tenders the lighthouse service was merged into the u s coast guard in 1939 and the former mine planters were transferred accordingly 15 5 gen william m graham 20 32 col george f e harrison 33 gen absalom baird 34 gen j franklin bell brig gen john j hayden 35 brig gen edmund kirby ilex wagl 222 36 gen wallace f randolph lupine wagl 230 37 gen john p story acacia wagl 200 38 col albert todd lotus wagl 229 39 col garland n whistler spruce wagl 246 40 col john v white speedwell wagl 245 41 mine planter 1937 edit lt col ellery w niles became army signal corps cable ship then rv f v hunt and finally sunk as reef as cayman salvage master 42 43 u s army mine planter ellery w niles enroute down the potomac to fort monroe virginia national archives records of the office of the chief signal officer only one ship of this class was built she was the first fully capable cable ship and mine planter with diesel electric power the usamp ellery w niles captioned in a photo as the last word in mine planters 3 42 and a major change into a more modern and capable form after a tour of the east coast ellery w niles went on to serve on the west coast based in san francisco 44 mine planters 1942 1943 edit col horace f spurgin mp 14 probably around the time of turn over to u s navy photo from all hands magazine march 1950 the requirement for more ships capable of planting the mines and installing and maintaining the control and communications cables of the coastal fortifications was underway on the entry of the united states into ww ii sixteen new vessels were planned or started by that time at the marietta manufacturing yard at point pleasant west virginia those ships were delivered to the mine planter service during 1942 and 1943 designated the m 1 mine planter and given mp numbers 1 3 15 usamp general henry knox mp 1 uss picket acm 8 then uscgc willow wagl wlb 332 usamp colonel henry j hunt mp 2 uss bastion acm 6 then uscgc jonquil wagl wlb 330 usamp colonel george armistead mp 3 uss barbican acm 5 then uscgc ivy wlb 329 wagl 329 gen samuel m mills mp 4 remained in army service into the 1950s became liberian gran canaria until scrapped in 1975 12 usamp 1st lt william g sylvester mp 5 uss obstructor acm 7 then uscgc heather wabl wlb 331 brig gen henry l abbott mp 6 became american fishing vessel neptune foundered in 1975 12 usamp major general wallace f randolph mp 7 nausett mma 15 usamp colonel john storey mp 8 uss barricade acm 3 then uscgc magnolia wagl wlb 328 maj gen arthur murray mp 9 uss trapper acm 9 then uss yamacraw arc 5 then uscgc yamacraw warc 333 maj gen erasmus weaver mp 10 uss canonicus acm 12 mma 12 12 maj samuel ringgold mp 11 monadnock acm 14 mma 14 not commissioned brig gen royal t frank mp 12 camanche acm 11 mma 11 col alfred a maybach mp 13 puritan acm 16 mma 16 col horace f spurgin mp 14 uss miantonomah acm 13 mma 13 col charles w bundy mp 15 uss chimo acm 1 col george ricker mp 16 uss planter acm 2 other army mine vessels edit the mine planting process required assistance by other smaller vessels some almost as capable as the planters were termed junior mine planter the junior mine planters were often commercial designs with a number converted or specially built during the war in 1919 there were over 30 junior mine planters 5 they occasionally show up as mine planter with the junior dropped one general richard arnold a 1909 tug sank in the process of rescuing another mine vessel 45 diagram of a u s army distribution box l type boat used by the coast artillery to maintain minefields in wwii a specialized vessel the distribution box boat db boat was designed to install and maintain the distribution boxes from which individual cables branched to each mine in a mine group a number of the later distribution box boats ended up in the navy often becoming known simply as box boats or box l boats working as small service vessels or still working in harbor defense 46 47 mine yawls and other small craft assisted in both mine work and all the other duties of small vessels within the harbor defenses in which individual forts or batteries were often separated by large bodies of water 4 5 mine planting vessels of other nations edit other nations using precisely placed cable connected mines in controlled mine fields for coastal defense required vessels similar in function the 1945 mine disposal handbook shows controlled mines being in the inventory for the united states britain germany italy and japan 48 examples of analogous vessels include the royal navy s linnet class and m class indicator loop mine layers as well as japan s larger hashima class cable layers that were also designed for mine planting see also edit mine planter service u s army list of ships of the united states army mine planters united states army coast artillery corps seacoast defense in the united states controlled mines submarine mines in u s harbor defense uscg seagoing buoy tender references edit 1 2 colton 2011 united states congress 1908 1 2 3 4 5 jackson 2013 1 2 3 4 5 berhow 2015 pp 343 352 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 clay 2010 pp 1175 1176 naval history heritage command 1998 naval history heritage command 2005 sims 1918 naval history heritage command 2006 warrant officer historical foundation 2014 jones 1939 pp 456 458 1 2 3 4 grover 1987 pp 121 130 priolo radigan 2014 u s coast guard historian speedwell 1 2 3 4 berhow 2015 p 345 clay 2010 p 1177 clay 2010 p 1186 clay 2010 p 1188 clay 2010 p 1193 1 2 3 4 kube mcdowell 2009 burritt 1942 hackett kingsepp 2010 clay 2010 p 1181 u s coast guard historian pequot clay 2010 p 1189 clay 2010 p 1191 clay 2010 p 1194 gardner u s national archives and records administration clay 2010 pp 1184 1185 clay 2010 p 1180 clay 2010 p 1182 clay 2010 pp 1183 1184 clay 2010 p 1178 clay 2010 p 1179 clay 2010 p 1187 clay 2010 p 1192 clay 2010 p 1195 clay 2010 p 1196 clay 2010 p 1197 clay 2010 p 1198 1 2 jackson 2009 clay 2010 p 1190 chappell seacoastnh collins 2009 hartshorn 2012 u s navy bomb disposal school 1945 bibliography edit berhow mark a ed 2015 american seacoast defenses a reference guide third ed mclean virginia cdsg press isbn 978 0 9748167 3 9 burritt ida calhoun 1942 u s a t royal t frank requiescat in pace with photo pdf the field artillery journal 32 december united states field artillery association 911 912 retrieved 30 october 2014 chappell gordon forts under the sea submarine mine defense of san francisco bay the california state military museum archived from the original on october 31 2014 retrieved 30 october 2014 clay steven e 2010 us army order of battle 1919 1941 vol 2 pdf fort leavenworth kansas combat studies institute press collins j 3 september 2009 the history of subron 14 the uss hunley as31 thistlegroup retrieved 30 october 2014 colton t december 19 2011 u s army mine craft t colton archived from the original on 23 june 2013 retrieved 30 october 2014 gardner fqc random recollections 17 officer in charge of the torpedo depot archived from the original on 3 march 2016 retrieved 30 october 2014 grover david 1987 u s army ships and watercraft of world war ii naval institute press isbn 0 87021 766 6 lccn 87015514 hackett bob kingsepp sander 2010 ijn submarine i 171 tabular record of movement date japan time sensuikan retrieved 30 october 2014 hartshorn derick s 11 april 2012 mineman memories little creek va harbor defense unit retrieved 30 octo...
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