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ades in the meantime under avraham yoffe slipped across the border through sandy wastes that egypt had left undefended because they were considered impassable simultaneously sharon s tanks from the west were to engage egyptian forces on um katef ridge and block any reinforcements israeli infantry would clear the three trenches while heliborne paratroopers would land behind egyptian lines and silence their artillery an armored thrust would be made at al qusmaya to unnerve and isolate its garrison citation needed as sharon s division advanced into the sinai egyptian forces staged successful delaying actions at tarat umm umm tarfa and hill 181 an israeli jet was downed by antiaircraft fire and sharon s forces came under heavy shelling as they advanced from the north and west the israeli advance which had to cope with extensive minefields took a large number of casualties a column of israeli tanks managed to penetrate the northern flank of abu ageila and by dusk all units were in position the israelis then brought up ninety 105 mm and 155 mm artillery cannons for a preparatory barrage while civilian buses brought reserve infantrymen under colonel yekutiel adam and helicopters arrived to ferry the paratroopers these movements were unobserved by the egyptians who were preoccupied with israeli probes against their perimeter 120 israeli armor of the six day war pictured here the amx 13 as night fell the israeli assault troops lit flashlights each battalion a different colour to prevent friendly fire incidents at 10 00 p m israeli artillery began a barrage on um katef firing some 6 000 shells in less than 20 minutes the most concentrated artillery barrage in israel s history 121 122 israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost egyptian defenses and were largely successful though an entire armored brigade was stalled by mines and had only one mine clearance tank israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east to the west paratroopers commanded by colonel danny matt landed behind egyptian lines though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield while others were unable to land due to mortar fire 123 124 those that successfully landed on target destroyed egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated gun crews from their batteries sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce egyptian artillery fire egyptian reinforcements from jabal libni advanced towards um katef to counterattack but failed to reach their objective being subjected to heavy air attacks and encountering israeli lodgements on the roads egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions the israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan and had largely succeeded by the following day the egyptians suffered about 2 000 casualties while the israelis lost 42 dead and 140 wounded 123 124 125 yoffe s attack allowed sharon to complete the capture of the um katef after fierce fighting the main thrust at um katef was stalled due to mines and craters after idf engineers had cleared a path by 4 00 pm israeli and egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat often at ranges as close as ten yards the battle ended in an israeli victory with 40 egyptian and 19 israeli tanks destroyed meanwhile israeli infantry finished clearing out the egyptian trenches with israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded and egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner 126 other israeli forces further south on 5 june the 8th armored brigade under colonel albert mandler initially positioned as a ruse to draw off egyptian forces from the real invasion routes attacked the fortified bunkers at kuntilla a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable mandler to block reinforcements from reaching um katef and to join sharon s upcoming attack on nakhl the defending egyptian battalion outnumbered and outgunned fiercely resisted the attack hitting several israeli tanks most of the defenders were killed and only three egyptian tanks one of them damaged survived by nightfall mandler s forces had taken kuntilla 117 with the exceptions of rafah and khan yunis israeli forces had initially avoided entering the gaza strip israeli defense minister moshe dayan had expressly forbidden entry into the area after palestinian positions in gaza opened fire on the negev settlements of nirim and kissufim idf chief of staff yitzhak rabin overrode dayan s instructions and ordered the 11th mechanized brigade under colonel yehuda reshef to enter the strip the force was immediately met with heavy artillery fire and fierce resistance from palestinian forces and remnants of the egyptian forces from rafah citation needed by sunset the israelis had taken the strategically vital ali muntar ridge overlooking gaza city but were beaten back from the city itself some 70 israelis were killed along with israeli journalist ben oyserman and american journalist paul schutzer twelve members of unef were also killed on the war s second day 6 june the israelis were bolstered by the 35th paratroopers brigade under colonel rafael eitan and took gaza city along with the entire strip the fighting was fierce and accounted for nearly half of all israeli casualties on the southern front gaza rapidly fell to the israelis citation needed meanwhile on 6 june two israeli reserve brigades under yoffe each equipped with 100 tanks penetrated the sinai south of tal s division and north of sharon s capturing the road junctions of abu ageila bir lahfan and arish taking all of them before midnight two egyptian armored brigades counterattacked and a fierce battle took place until the following morning the egyptians were beaten back by fierce resistance coupled with airstrikes sustaining heavy tank losses they fled west towards jabal libni 127 the egyptian army during the ground fighting remnants of the egyptian air force attacked israeli ground forces but took losses from the israeli air force and from israeli anti aircraft units throughout the last four days egyptian aircraft flew 150 sorties against israeli units in the sinai citation needed many of the egyptian units remained intact and could have tried to prevent the israelis from reaching the suez canal or engaged in combat in the attempt to reach the canal but when the egyptian field marshal abdel hakim amer heard about the fall of abu ageila he panicked and ordered all units in the sinai to retreat this order effectively meant the defeat of egypt citation needed meanwhile president nasser having learned of the results of the israeli air strikes decided together with field marshal amer to order a general retreat from the sinai within 24 hours no detailed instructions were given concerning the manner and sequence of withdrawal 128 next fighting days this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2017 learn how and when to remove this message the capture of sinai 7 8 june 1967 a newsreel from 6 june about the first israeli egyptian fighting an israeli gunboat passes through the straits of tiran near sharm el sheikh as egyptian columns retreated israeli aircraft and artillery attacked them israeli jets used napalm bombs during their sorties the attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and caused heavy casualties at jabal libni retreating egyptian soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery at bir gafgafa the egyptians fiercely resisted advancing israeli forces knocking out three tanks and eight half tracks and killing 20 soldiers due to the egyptians retreat the israeli high command decided not to pursue the egyptian units but rather to bypass and destroy them in the mountainous passes of west sinai citation needed therefore on the next two days 6 and 7 june all three israeli divisions sharon and tal were reinforced by an armored brigade each rushed westward and reached the passes sharon s division first went southward then westward via an nakhl to mitla pass with air support it was joined there by parts of yoffe s division while its other units blocked the gidi pass these passes became killing grounds for the egyptians who ran right into waiting israeli positions and suffered heavy losses in both soldiers and vehicles according to egyptian diplomat mahmoud riad 10 000 men were killed in a day and many others died of thirst tal s units stopped at various points to the length of the suez canal citation needed israel s blocking action was partially successful only the gidi pass was captured before the egyptians approached it but at other places egyptian units managed to pass through and cross the canal to safety due to the haste of the egyptian retreat soldiers often abandoned weapons military equipment and hundreds of vehicles many egyptian soldiers were cut off from their units had to walk about 200 kilometres 120 mi on foot before reaching the suez canal with limited supplies of food and water and were exposed to intense heat thousands died as a result many egyptian soldiers chose instead to surrender to the israelis who eventually exceeded their capabilities to provide for prisoners as a result they began directing soldiers toward the suez canal and imprisoned only high ranking officers who were expected to be exchanged for captured israeli pilots citation needed according to some accounts during the egyptian retreat from the sinai a unit of soviet marines based on a soviet warship in port said at the time came ashore and attempted to cross the suez canal eastward the soviet force was reportedly decimated by an israeli air attack and lost 17 dead and 34 wounded among the wounded was the commander lieutenant colonel victor shevchenko 43 during the offensive the israeli navy landed six combat divers from the shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate alexandria harbor the divers sank an egyptian minesweeper before being taken prisoner shayetet 13 commandos also infiltrated port said harbor but found no ships there a planned commando raid against the syrian navy never materialized both egyptian and israeli warships made movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war but did not engage each other israeli warships and aircraft hunted for egyptian submarines throughout the war citation needed on 7 june israel began its attack on sharm el sheikh the israeli navy started the operation with a probe of egyptian naval defenses an aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought around 4 30 a m three israeli missile boats opened fire on egyptian shore batteries while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and nord noratlas transport planes for an assault on al tur as chief of staff rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in sharm el sheikh 129 the city had been largely abandoned the day before and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced rabin to divert the aircraft to sharm el sheikh there the israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the egyptians and took the city killing 20 egyptian soldiers and taking eight more prisoners at 12 15 p m dayan announced that the straits of tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction 129 on 8 june israel completed the capture of the sinai by sending infantry units to ras sudar on the western coast of the peninsula several tactical elements made the swift israeli advance possible the surprise attack that quickly gave the israeli air force complete air superiority over the egyptian air force the determined implementation of an innovative battle plan the lack of coordination among egyptian troops these factors also proved to be decisive elements on israel s other fronts citation needed west bank the jordan salient 5 7 june egyptian control of jordanian forces king hussein gave of his army to egypt on 1 june on which date egyptian general riad arrived in amman to take control of the jordanian military c egyptian field marshal amer used the confusion of the conflict s first hours to cable to amman that he was victorious he claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a squadron of israeli aircraft returning from bombing raids in egypt which he said was an egyptian aircraft en route to attack israel 131 in this cable sent shortly before 9 00 a m riad was ordered to attack d initial attack one of the jordanian brigades stationed in the west bank was sent to the hebron area to link with the egyptians the idf s strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the jordanian front to enable focus in the expected campaign against egypt intermittent machine gun exchanges began taking place in jerusalem at 9 30 a m and the fighting gradually escalated as the jordanians introduced mortar and recoilless rifle fire on general narkis s orders the israelis responded only with small arms fire firing in a flat trajectory to avoid hitting civilians holy sites or the old city at 10 00 a m on 5 june the jordanian army began shelling israel two batteries of 155 mm long tom cannons opened fire on the suburbs of tel aviv and ramat david airbase the commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central israel some shells hit the outskirts of tel aviv 133 by 10 30 a m eshkol had sent king hussein a message via odd bull promising not to initiate any action against jordan if it stayed out of the war 134 hussein replied that it was too late and the die was cast 135 at 11 15 a m jordanian howitzers began a 6 000 shell barrage at israeli jerusalem the jordanians initially targeted kibbutz ramat rachel in the south and mount scopus in the north then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods military installations the prime minister s residence and the knesset compound were also targeted jordanian forces shelled the beit hanassi and the biblical zoo killing 15 civilians 136 137 israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and over 1 000 wounded some 900 buildings were damaged including hadassah ein kerem hospital which had its chagall made windows destroyed 138 around midday eight iraqi hawker hunters attacked the kfar sirkin airfield destroying a noratlas transport aircraft and a piper super cub four jordanian hunters also hit a factory hall in netanya killing one civilian and wounding seven 139 israeli cabinet meets when the israeli cabinet convened to decide on a plan of action yigal allon and menahem begin argued that this was an opportunity to take the old city of jerusalem but eshkol decided to defer any decision until moshe dayan and yitzhak rabin could be consulted 140 uzi narkiss made proposals for military action including the capture of latrun but the cabinet turned him down dayan rejected multiple requests from narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards mount scopus but sanctioned some limited retaliatory actions 141 initial response shortly bef...
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