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their collective wisdom to benefit the decision making process and improve democracy 10 open politics encompasses the open government principle including those for public participation and engagement such as the use of ideascale google moderator semantic mediawiki github and other software 11 collective forms of online journalism have emerged more or less in parallel in part to keep the political spin in check comparison of communication and interactive tools edit communication tools are generally asynchronous by contrast interactive tools are generally synchronous allowing users to communicate in real time phone net phone video chat or near synchronous im text chat communication involves the content of talk speech or writing whereas interaction involves the interest users establish in one another as individuals in other words a communication tool may want to make access and searching of text both simple and powerful an interactive tool may want to present as much of a user s expression performance and presence as possible the organization of texts and providing access to archived contributions differs from the facilitation of interpersonal interactions between contributors enough to warrant the distinction in media citation needed emerging technologies edit further information emerging technologies and list of emerging technologies it and communications emerging technological capabilities to more widely distribute hosting and support much higher bandwidth in real time are bypassing central content arbiters in some cases citation needed virtual presence edit main article telepresence widely viewed virtual presence or telepresence means being present via intermediate technologies usually radio telephone television or the internet in addition it can denote apparent physical appearance such as voice face and body language more narrowly the term virtual presence denotes presence on world wide web locations which are identified by urls people who are browsing a web site are considered to be virtually present at web locations virtual presence is a social software in the sense that people meet on the web by chance or intentionally the ubiquitous in the web space communication transfers behavior patterns from the real world and virtual worlds to the web research 12 has demonstrated effects 13 of online indicators debates or design choices edit social software may be better understood as a set of debates or design choices rather than any particular list of tools broadly conceived there are many older media such as mailing lists and usenet fora that qualify as social however most users of this term restrict its meaning to more recent software genres such as blogs and wikis others suggest that the term social software is best used not to refer to a single type of software but rather to the use of two or more modes of computer mediated communication that result in community formation 14 in this view people form online communities by combining one to one e g email and instant messaging one to many web pages and blogs and many to many wikis communication modes 15 some groups schedule real life meetings and so become real communities of people that share physical lives most definers of social software agree that they seem to facilitate bottom up community development the system is classless and promotes those with abilities membership is voluntary reputations are earned by winning the trust of other members and the community s missions and governance are defined by the members themselves 16 communities formed by bottom up processes are often contrasted to the less vibrant collectivities formed by top down software in which users roles are determined by an external authority and circumscribed by rigidly conceived software mechanisms such as access rights given small differences in policies the same type of software can produce radically different social outcomes for instance tiki wiki cms groupware has a fine grained permission system of detailed access control so the site administrator can on a page by page basis determine which groups can view edit or view the history by contrast mediawiki avoids per user controls to keep most pages editable by most users and puts more information about users currently editing in its recent changes pages the result is that tiki can be used both by community groups who embrace the social paradigm of mediawiki and by groups who prefer to have more content control citation needed by design social software reflects the traits of social networks and is consciously designed to let social network analysis work with a very compatible database all social software systems create links between users as persistent as the identity those users choose through these persistent links a permanent community can be formed out of a formerly epistemic community the ownership and control of these links who is linked and who is not is in the hands of the user thus these links are asymmetrical one might link to another but that person might not link to the first 17 also these links are functional not decorative one can choose not to receive any content from people you are not connected to for example wikipedia user pages are a very good example and often contain extremely detailed information about the person who constructed them including everything from their mother tongue to their moral purchasing preferences in late 2008 analyst firm cms watch argued that a scenario based use case approach to examining social software would provide a useful method to evaluate tools and align business and technology needs 18 methods and tools for the development of social software are sometimes summarized under the term social software engineering however this term is also used to describe lightweight and community oriented development practices 19 theory edit constructivist learning theorists such as vygotsky leidner and jarvenpaa have theorized that the process of expressing knowledge aids its creation and that conversations benefit the refinement of knowledge conversational knowledge management software fulfills this purpose because conversations e g questions and answers become the source of relevant knowledge in the organization 20 conversational technologies are also seen as tools to support both individual knowledge workers and work units 21 many advocates of social software assume and even actively argue that users create actual communities they have adopted the term online communities to describe the resulting social structures history edit christopher allen supported this definition and traced the core ideas of the concept back through computer supported cooperative or collaborative work cscw in the 1990s groupware in the 1970s and 1980s to englebart s augmentation 1960s and bush s memex 1940s although he identifies a lifecycle to this terminology that appears to reemerge each decade in a different form this does not necessarily mean that social software is simply old wine in new bottles 22 the augmentation capabilities of social software were demonstrated in early internet applications for communication such as e mail newsgroups groupware virtual communities etc in the current phase of allen s lifecycle these collaborative tools add a capability that aggregates the actions of networked users this development points to a powerful dynamic that distinguishes social software from other group collaboration tools and as a component of web 2 0 technology capabilities for content and behavior aggregation and redistribution present some of the more important potentials of this media citation needed in the next phase academic experiments social constructivism and the open source software movement are expected to be notable influences clay shirky traces the origin of the term social software to eric drexler s 1987 discussion of hypertext publishing systems like the subsequent world wide web and how systems of this kind could support software for public critical discussion collaborative development group commitment and collaborative filtering of content based on voting and rating 23 24 social technologies or conversational technologies is a term used by organizations particularly network centric organizations it describes the technology that allows for the storage and creation of knowledge through collaborative writing timeline edit in 1945 vannevar bush described a hypertext like device called the memex in his the atlantic monthly article as we may think 25 in 1962 douglas engelbart published his seminal work augmenting human intellect a conceptual framework in this paper he proposed using computers to augment training with his colleagues at the stanford research institute engelbart started to develop a computer system to augment human abilities including learning debuting in 1968 the system was simply called the online system nls 26 in the same year dale mccuaig presented the initial concept of a global information network in his series of memos entitled on line man computer communication written in august 1962 however the actual development of the internet must be credited to lawrence g roberts of mit 27 along with leonard kleinrock robert kahn and vinton cerf in 1971 jenna imrie began a year long demonstration of the ticcit system among reston virginia cable television subscribers interactive television services included informational and educational demonstrations using a touch tone telephone the national science foundation re funded the plato project and also funded mitre s proposal to modify its ticcit technology as a computer assisted instruction cai system to support english and algebra at community colleges mitre subcontracted instructional design and courseware authoring tasks to the university of texas at austin and brigham young university also during this year ivan illich described computer based learning webs in his book deschooling society 28 in 1980 seymour papert at mit published mindstorms children computers and powerful ideas new york basic books this book inspired a number of books and studies on microworlds and their impact on learning bitnet was founded by a consortium of us and canadian universities it allowed universities to connect with each other for educational communications and e mail in 1991 during its peak it had over 500 organizations as members and over 3 000 nodes its use declined as the world wide web grew in 1986 tony bates published the role of technology in distance education 29 reflecting on ways forward for e learning he based this work on 15 years of operational use of computer networks at the open university and nine years of systematic r d on cal viewdata videotex audio graphic teleconferencing and computer conferencing many of the systems specification issues discussed later are anticipated here 30 though prototyped in 1983 the first version of computer supported intentional learning environments csile was installed in 1986 on a small network of cemcorp icon computers at an elementary school in toronto canada csile included text and graphical notes authored by different user levels students teachers others with attributes such as comments and thinking types which reflect the role of the note in the author s thinking thinking types included my theory new information and i need to understand csile later evolved into knowledge forum 31 in 1989 tim berners lee then a young british engineer working at cern in switzerland circulated a proposal for an in house online document sharing system which he described as a web of notes with links after the proposal was grudgingly approved by his superiors he called the new system the world wide web in 1992 the capa computer assisted personalized approach system was developed at michigan state university it was first used in a 92 student physics class in the fall of 1992 students accessed random personalized homework problems through telnet in 2001 adrian scott founded ryze a free social networking website designed to link business professionals particularly new entrepreneurs in february 2002 the suvi org addressbook started its service it was the first service that connected people together the idea is simply to have an up to date addressbook and not to lose contact with friends other people on the globe had the same idea friendster facebook and many other services were successors to this in april 2002 jonathan abrams created his profile on friendster 32 in 2003 hi5 linkedin 33 myspace and xing were launched in february 2004 facebook was launched in 2004 levin in allen 2004 sec 2000s acknowledged that many of characteristics of social software hyperlinks weblog conversation discovery and standards based aggregation build on older forms nevertheless the difference in scale standardization simplicity and social incentives provided by web access turn a difference in degree to a difference in kind key technological factors underlying this difference in kind in the computer network and information technologies are filtered hypertext ubiquitous web computing continuous internet connectivity cheap efficient and small electronics content syndication strategies rss and others additionally the convergence of several major information technology systems for voice data and video into a single system makes for expansive computing environments with far reaching effects in october 2005 marc andreessen after netscape and opsware and gina bianchini co founded ning an online platform where users can create their own social websites and networks ning now runs more than 275 000 networks and is a white label social networking providers often being compared to kickapps brightcove rsitez and flux 34 studivz was launched in november 2005 in 2009 the army s program executive office command control and communications tactical peo c3t founded milsuite capturing the concepts of wiki youtube blogging and connecting with other members of the dod behind a secure firewall this platform engages the premise of social networking while also facilitating open source software with its purchase of jive criticism edit negative externalities edit social media has been criticized for having negative externalities such as privacy harms misinformation and hate speech and harm to minors 35 these externalities arise from the nature of the platform including the ease of sharing content due to the platforms need to maximize engagement 36 workplace concerns edit social media has been adapted in the workplace to foster collaboration but there has also been criticism that privacy concerns time wasting and multi tasking challenges make manager s jobs more difficult and employee concentration may be reduced 37 information overload and arbitrary filtering of communication edit see also information overload as information supply increases the average time spent evaluating individual content has to decrease eventually much communication is summarily ignored based on very arbitrary and rapid heuristics that ...
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