If you are not sure if the website you would like to visit is secure, you can verify it here. Enter the website address of the page and see parts of its content and the thumbnail images on this site. None (if any) dangerous scripts on the referenced page will be executed. Additionally, if the selected site contains subpages, you can verify it (review) in batches containing 5 pages.
favicon.ico: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law - Competition law - Wikipedia.

site address: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law redirected to: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law

site title: Competition law - Wikipedia

Our opinion (on Thursday 24 September 2026 8:42:14 UTC):

GREEN status (no comments) - no comments
After content analysis of this website we propose the following hashtags:



Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

law, and, of, states, competition, contents, overview, doctrine, economics, by, country, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, history, rationale, sources, abusive, conduct, abuse, market, position, mergers, acquisitions, public, finance, subsidies, aid, intersection, with, other, areas, defences, remedies, principles, asia, americas, europe, collusion, cartel, contract, employment, intellectual, property, consumer, welfare, standard, policy, juridical, decision, making, india, china, asean, member, united, antitrust, canada, european, union, armenia,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (400), law (251), and (231), competition (226), for (69), #market (65), #antitrust (52), from (47), consumer (47), retrieved (43), commission (43), edit (42), archived (41), economic (37), that (36), legal (34), international (33), act (31), with (29), may (28), original (28), states (27), policy (26), european (26), united (25), pirg (25), enforcement (24), article (24), monopoly (23), isbn (23), doi (23), february (22), anti (22), new (22), which (22), economics (21), was (20), trade (20), not (20), mergers (20), 978 (19), press (19), 2020 (18), issn (18), this (17), april (17), such (17), welfare (16), history (16), rights (16), university (16), also (16), has (16), consumers (15), merger (15), october (15), 2018 (15), wayback (14), regulation (14), public (14), laws (14), practices (14), 2024 (14), pdf (14), between (14), are (14), see (14), can (14), union (13), state (13), business (13), cartel (13), canada (13), competitive (13), 2025 (13), machine (13), firm (13), its (13), conduct (12), national (12), control (12), property (12), prices (12), markets (12), fair (12), world (12), price (12), cases (12), dominant (12), collusion (12), abuse (12), main (12), have (12), review (11), doctrine (11), federal (11), 2004 (11), 2021 (11), journal (11), standard (11), courts (11), companies (11), other (10), authority (10), capitalism (10), economy (10), private (10), industrial (10), global (10), case (10), protection (10), 2007 (10), www (10), into (10), june (10), dimension (10), one (10), 2023 (10), exclusive (10), there (10), modern (10), agreements (10), example (10), europe (9), india (9), china (9), theory (9), treaty (9), intellectual (9), community (9), principles (9), january (9), 2010 (9), cambridge (9), 521 (9), innovation (9), asean (9), march (9), effects (9), include (9), but (9), their (9), under (8), 2026 (8), articles (8), org (8), financial (8), court (8), justice (8), trust (8), health (8), office (8), general (8), whish (8), 2003 (8), monopolies (8), december (8), government (8), digital (8), efficiency (8), dealing (8), bid (8), rigging (8), pricing (8), whether (8), member (8), provisions (8), were (8), acquisitions (8), been (8), costs (8), jurisdictions (8), they (8), wikipedia (7), september (7), index (7), criminal (7), common (7), group (7), authorities (7), bureau (7), advice (7), list (7), 2005 (7), 2017 (7), papadopoulos (7), anestis (7), 19646 (7), platform (7), two (7), ecr (7), 2009 (7), position (7), first (7), while (7), relevant (7), share (7), including (7), number (7), agreement (7), through (7), enacted (7), often (7), organization (6), page (6), all (6), links (6), target (6), kingdom (6), association (6), free (6), production (6), development (6), civil (6), practice (6), structure (6), statute (6), product (6), regulators (6), network (6), defense (6), certification (6), 1966 (6), wilberforce (6), analysis (6), 2008 (6), 2019 (6), armenia (6), 2015 (6), scott (6), overview (6), jstor (6), power (6), profits (6), time (6), guidelines (6), 2002 (6), horizontal (6), among (6), must (6), following (6), during (6), established (6), known (6), toggle (5), view (5), safety (5), sfn (5), republic (5), asia (5), country (5), category (5), political (5), social (5), labour (5), order (5), rule (5), regulatory (5), judicial (5), principle (5), contract (5), natural (5), made (5), sources (5), war (5), evidence (5), action (5), york (5), council (5), food (5), 1991 (5), david (5), citizens (5), report (5), richard (5), 2nd (5), john (5), 1999 (5), bork (5), transaction (5), where (5), november (5), 2013 (5), forms (5), range (5), help (5), ssrn (5), effect (5), many (5), france (5), more (5), regional (5), section (5), possible (5), should (5), fixing (5), actions (5), significant (5), rules (5), economies (5), english (5), countries (5), parties (5), dominance (5), had (5), cartels (5), aims (5), since (5), early (5), both (5), illegal (5), restraint (5), increase (5), considered (5), what (5), abusive (5), across (5), limit (5), contents (4), search (4), about (4), terms (4), non (4), profit (4), categories (4), different (4), japan (4), portal (4), sharing (4), employment (4), american (4), accumulation (4), industry (4), agency (4), question (4), jurisdiction (4), damages (4), man (4), statutory (4), roman (4), systems (4), legislation (4), making (4), regulations (4), green (4), commerce (4), services (4), trading (4), change (4), back (4), open (4), com (4), nations (4), 465 (4), http (4), edition (4), 2001 (4), second (4), paradox (4), robert (4), 139 (4), undertakings (4), reduced (4), hart (4), rodino (4), 2022 (4), lex (4), artificial (4), barriers (4), definition (4), error (4), citerefwhish2024 (4), challenges (4), firms (4), however (4), para (4), concentration (4), 102 (4), organisation (4), dynamic (4), wto (4), frequently (4), via (4), sherman (4), company (4), low (4), 101 (4), does (4), test (4), aid (4), germany (4), prevent (4), prohibited (4), some (4), over (4), century (4), tools (4), large (4), information (4), factors (4), competitors (4), officials (4), formed (4), although (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), code (3), privacy (3), additional (3), agree (3), use (3), 2011 (3), short (3), https (3), americas (3), post (3), late (3), revolution (3), wage (3), oligopoly (3), failure (3), tribunal (3), school (3), election (3), judgment (3), judge (3), reform (3), reports (3), human (3), right (3), liability (3), will (3), environmental (3), pennsylvania (3), jersey (3), california (3), department (3), people (3), service (3), australian (3), period (3), issues (3), organizations (3), watchdog (3), get (3), choice (3), direct (3), now (3), set (3), itself (3), against (3), oxford (3), online (3), down (3), 1993 (3), 1978 (3), bank (3), august (3), science (3), ftc (3), south (3), after (3), 1093 (3), intelligence (3), scope (3), peter (3), studies (3), continental (3), 1007 (3), based (3), parker (3), 135 (3), avoid (3), care (3), occupational (3), licensing (3), anticompetitive (3), 2012 (3), s2cid (3), cmlr (3), before (3), conglomerate (3), chicago (3), art (3), take (3), 1994 (3), 1998 (3), basis (3), independent (3), acquisition (3), 1111 (3), instance (3), 129 (3), create (3), directly (3), abuses (3), predatory (3), special (3), 1086 (3), 106 (3), 125 (3), accessed (3), determining (3), paper (3), application (3), future (3), extraterritorial (3), according (3), busting (3), central (3), asian (3), ssnip (3), copyright (3), competitiveness (3), today (3), prohibits (3), exemptions (3), 107 (3), years (3), became (3), level (3), included (3), subject (3), could (3), then (3), improve (3), preventing (3), 1889 (3), conspiracies (3), replaced (3), various (3), 20th (3), maintaining (3), sanctions (3), combines (3), behavior (3), came (3), 1890 (3), applied (3), without (3), when (3), tying (3), used (3), part (3), supranational (3), certain (3), integration (3), year (3), result (3), beyond (3), economists (3), another (3), customers (3), decisive (3), consider (3), defences (3), immunity (3), become (3), restrict (3), intersection (3), areas (3), subsidies (3), related (3), entry (3), who (3), always (3), cross (3), territories (3), monopolistic (3), usually (3), activity (3), sometimes (3), trusts (3), field (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), text (2), available (2), apply (2), wikimedia (2), foundation (2), creative (2), commons (2), last (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), dates (2), description (2), wikidata (2), australia (2), critique (2), capitalist (2), criticism (2), venture (2), capital (2), productivity (2), freedom (2), society (2), liberalism (2), advertising (2), regulated (2), libertarian (2), corporate (2), conservative (2), commercial (2), wealth (2), slavery (2), simple (2), planning (2), depression (2), concepts (2), outline (2), profession (2), military (2), education (2), executive (2), equity (2), fact (2), trial (2), proportionality (2), remedy (2), litigation (2), administration (2), canon (2), basic (2), divine (2), tax (2), construction (2), conflict (2), banking (2), procedure (2), constitutional (2), administrative (2), washington (2), ohio (2), minnesota (2), connecticut (2), interest (2), research (2), board (2), incomes (2), netherlands (2), italian (2), antimonopoly (2), comisión (2), competencia (2), current (2), scotland (2), michael (2), gene (2), ralph (2), james (2), gilbert (2), transparency (2), telephone (2), off (2), icrt (2), members (2), lists (2), traders (2), britain (2), marketplace (2), joe (2), done (2), stiftung (2), warentest (2), centre (2), federation (2), chamber (2), external (2), georg (2), vol (2), faull (2), nikpay (2), eds (2), web (2), further (2), reading (2), alan (2), neil (2), london (2), sweet (2), maxwell (2), restrictive (2), adam (2), smith (2), institute (2), nature (2), joseph (2), 1016 (2), encyclopedia (2), _____ (2), 226 (2), posner (2), steven (2), 2016 (2), 00369 (2), references (2), connectivity (2), concentrations (2), announces (2), thresholds (2), expert (2), era (2), updated (2), criticised (2), enough (2), rethinking (2), warrier (2), citation (2), cci (2), formation (2), ordinance (2), 121 (2), 0266 (2), 225 (2), introducing (2), 102045 (2), long (2), boundaries (2), interplay (2), july (2), simon (2), directions (2), luxembourg (2), jean (2), charles (2), 2296233 (2), towards (2), workable (2), pearson (2), brands (2), 1983 (2), akzo (2), 529 (2), connecting (2), ian (2), electronic (2), excess (2), break (2), governance (2), 105 (2), 127 (2), chapter (2), gov (2), behaviour (2), william (2), why (2), quality (2), springer (2), 030 (2), 02499 (2), applying (2), accc (2), 1995 (2), threat (2), rand (2), oecd (2), procurement (2), mason (2), way (2), warner (2), aol (2), failing (2), hovenkamp (2), efficiencies (2), 1992 (2), 1937 (2), assessment (2), clayton (2), establishment (2), contracts (2), sullivan (2), irish (2), sugar (2), telecom (2), would (2), ecli (2), 1988 (2), des (2), reference (2), thomas (2), hong (2), kong (2), 103 (2), 250003 (2), microsoft (2), corp (2), communities (2), 201 (2), shapiro (2), 1973 (2), specific (2), coercive (2), unilateral (2), working (2), internationalcompetitionnetwork (2), icn (2), eur (2), taken (2), gregory (2), sidak (2), teece (2), name (2), speech (2), options (2), taylor (2), martyn (2), 2006 (2), 86389 (2), europa (2), breach (2), published (2), 1972 (2), 349 (2), 15486 (2), 111 (2), intervention (2), san (2), francisco (2), maguire (2), inter (2), holdsworth (2), england (2), passed (2), perspective (2), notes (2), book (2), oil (2), leading (2), any (2), void (2), eliminating (2), discrimination (2), might (2), otherwise (2), same (2), objectives (2), effective (2), 140 (2), only (2), aimed (2), establishing (2), felt (2), eec (2), rome (2), enactment (2), prohibiting (2), establish (2), issue (2), steel (2), coal (2), amendments (2), recent (2), allowed (2), limited (2), balancing (2), balance (2), conspiracy (2), investigation (2), acts (2), governed (2), regulates (2), maintain (2), marketing (2), scrutiny (2), notification (2), million (2), form (2), foreign (2), these (2), creation (2), policies (2), remains (2), regimes (2), responsibility (2), fairness (2), indonesia (2), conglomerates (2), contemporary (2), developments (2), conventional (2), models (2), increased (2), engage (2), difficult (2), regulate (2), winner (2), 122 (2), 118 (2), generally (2), aim (2), called (2), extent (2), shares (2), allow (2), factor (2), allowing (2), juridical (2), decision (2), impact (2), intervene (2), most (2), smaller (2), required (2), local (2), loop (2), unbundling (2), remedies (2), misuse (2), noerr (2), pennington (2), increasingly (2), promote (2), acquire (2), patents (2), compete (2), bodies (2), within (2), finance (2), rarely (2), potential (2), being (2), herfindahl (2), hirschman (2), scale (2), domination (2), assessing (2), each (2), creating (2), quotas (2), excerpt (2), defrauding (2), unfair (2), found (2), dropping (2), cover (2), own (2), capture (2), majority (2), export (2), goods (2), essential (2), facilities (2), dividing (2), refusal (2), deal (2), monopolization (2), purposes (2), vertical (2), adopted (2), created (2), historically (2), incapable (2), unless (2), developed (2), times (2), later (2), prevention (2), suppression (2), combinations (2), functions (2), rationale (2), operate (2), 19th (2), led (2), medieval (2), empire (2), promotes (2), maintains (2), regulating (2), territorial (2), nation (2), here (2), film (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, contacts, disclaimers, using, site, you, registered, trademark, inc, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, excerpts, containing, latin, language, webarchive, template, harv, errors, dmy, php, title, competition_law, oldid, 1376219031, yale, lux, israel, czech, databases, oceania, russia, ireland, syndicalism, syndicate, scarcity, fundamentalism, work, communalism, propaganda, marxism, socialism, communism, anarchism, unemployment, prosperity, supply, flexibility, inequality, corporatism, spontaneous, alienation, philanthropy, individualism, mobility, decentralization, consumerism, black, friday, dream, culture, sponsored, rhine, raw, neoliberal, neo, mixed, mercantilist, liberal, laissez, faire, islamic, humanistic, dirigist, democratic, authoritarian, anglo, saxon, ideology, physiocracy, merchant, feudalism, age, enlightenment, totalitarian, commodity, recession, primitive, privatization, nationalization, multinational, corporation, meritocracy, merchantilism, labor, arbitrage, globalization, crisis, externality, ecopreneurship, entrepreneurship, bubble, deregulation, centralization, cycle, anarchy, perspectives, definitions, women, party, police, legislature, judiciary, ecclesiastical, bench, bar, bureaucracy, barristers, chambers, institutions, verdict, ultra, vires, trier, advocacy, solicitor, prosecutor, representation, lawyer, counsel, barrister, attorney, jury, kangaroo, misconduct, interpretation, activism, magistrate, peace, status, reparations, deterrence, penology, opinion, lawsuit, fiqh, dispute, resolution, disbarment, martial, constitutionalism, admission, adjudication, jurisprudence, sociology, pseudolaw, typicality, legality, formalism, ethics, feminist, expressive, function, comparative, anarchist, yassa, xeer, socialist, byzantine, sharia, parsi, jewish, jain, hindu, catholic, religious, pluralism, chinese, congress, parliament, concordat, repeal, ratification, promulgation, rulemaking, delegated, proclamation, edict, decree, codification, ballot, measure, treatise, precedent, letters, patent, legitimacy, custom, constitution, charter, unenforced, transport, emergency, sports, space, refugee, testament, estate, probate, nationality, music, marriage, maritime, fiction, archaeology, landlord, tenant, jurimetrics, immigration, family, entertainment, energy, drugs, cyberlaw, bankruptcy, amnesty, aviation, animal, agricultural, abortion, disciplines, tort, restitution, unjust, enrichment, corporal, punishment, obligations, deed, crime, core, subjects, environment, america, corps, league, conservation, voters, bioscience, resource, project, wisconsin, vermont, rhode, island, michigan, ontario, north, carolina, mexico, missouri, massachusetts, maryland, iowa, illinois, georgia, colorado, arizona, alaska, securities, zealand, channel, islands, historic, division, superintendency, queensland, philippine, norwegian, ministry, directorate, appeal, nacional, los, mercados, económica, autorité, concurrence, autoridade, concorrência, committee, witness, water, pension, wise, isle, malta, homelessness, indepabis, centres, standards, governmental, entities, vernon, celeste, thorson, russianoff, donald, kemp, ross, joyce, elaine, roop, phil, radford, anthony, pollina, nader, love, florence, kelley, karpinski, jim, jontz, tom, hucker, arshad, hasan, ted, halstead, joanna, guy, pamela, recall, planned, obsolescence, ombudsman, mandatory, labelling, labeling, extended, warranty, debt, credit, cooling, complaint, regulator, class, better, airline, complaints, life, street, cents, rogue, rip, lycett, got, your, investigators, gruen, inspectors, fight, horowitz, fake, don, dom, checkout, television, spendere, meglio, pirkka, guter, rat, finanztest, ethical, dtest, checkbook, beobachter, akher, saa, magazines, ufc, que, choisir, truth, testachats, swiss, alliance, organisations, swedish, stopbadware, option, consommateurs, facts, scam, labdoor, franchisees, dealers, foodwatch, euroconsumers, konsumentenbund, botswana, coalition, directive, pakistan, fiji, alert, consumerlab, consumentenbond, citizen, outside, edinburgh, workers, employees, center, auto, cablehell, beuc, anec, intergovernmental, experts, hylton, keith, erber, kooths, stefan, windows, vista, securing, diw, weekly, jonathan, ali, 926929, elhauge, einer, geradin, damien, 84113, archive, 20071127034131, globalcompetitionpolicy, 1554, 6853, bailey, 11th, 5th, lexis, nexis, butterworths, campbell, elles, 70116, lccn, 1776, enquiry, causes, 1942, process, destruction, schumpeter, rubinfeld, 560, 9780080430768, 043076, 02299, 553, behavioral, sciences, prosser, tony, limits, 7th, 7355, 6354, preview, 67576, 1859, liberty, mill, stuart, harrington, durlauf, blume, lawrence, palgrave, dictionary, 1967, galbraith, kenneth, scroll, cato, suicidal, impulse, friedman, milton, 904456, vandenborre, ingrid, goetz, thorsten, dionnet, stephane, 2329, 9134, advisors, nonmerger, gets, stricter, deputy, minister, legislative, branch, consolidated, seyfarth, shaw, guides, region, singapore, roadmap, conventus, headed, vision, identity, morning, doing, khan, rafique, concurrences, crossroads, draft, bill, withdrawal, 2319, 8338, compcomm, cap, 619, korinek, anton, vipra, jai, 256, 4658, epolic, eiae057, concentrating, scaling, gawer, annabelle, strategizing, overcoming, cognitive, reconfiguring, routines, organizational, 0024, 6301, lrp, platforms, sides, interfaces, newman, 206, 24752847, 0041, 9907, 149, 164, zero, foundations, cowan, ormosi, perkins, 695, 903x, oxrep, graf001, 687, furman, coyle, fletcher, mcauley, marsden, 17639, wjcs, jc14, treasury, unlocking, panel, crémer, jacques, montjoye, yves, alexandre, schweitzer, heike, europäische, kommission, publications, 01946, rochet, tirole, 1029, 1542, 4766, 1162, 154247603322493212, 990, sided, lipsey, lancaster, kelvin, 1956, best, 2307, clark, 1940, concept, 1807048, 241, deadweight, loss, explained, examples, video, lessons, 207, michelin, 1979, 461, hoffmann, roche, akcigit, ufuk, baslandze, salomé, lotti, francesca, 564, 3982, ecta18338, econometrica, connections, dynamics, mcewin, 246, wales, small, avi, yonah, reuven, shanan, tamir, 1556, 5068, 2139, 4792580, taxing, degen, konrad, gleiss, alexander, 1422, 8890, 10419, 319043, hdl, s12525, 024, 00747, tailor, types, van, loo, rory, 1955, cornell, breakups, administering, radical, 317, 341, 1943, director, agriculture, brown, 1965, 657, 670, 381, united_mine_workers_v, _pennington, 1961, 365, eastern_railroad_presidents_conference_v, _noerr_motor_freight, _inc, suzanne, scotchmer, incentives, mit, promoting, employers, how, sage, hyman, greenberg, warren, 12674406, pmid, 0278, 2715, 1377, hlthaff, affairs, matters, daskalova, victoria, heldeweg, michiel, rott, cham, publishing, 4_3, accountability, responsible, institutional, context, katsuyama, 565, southern, interdisciplinary, distinguish, beneficial, professional, licenses, lacasse, chantale, prosecution, wiley, 417, 2555995, 0741, 6261, 398, maci, marsela, 227, 154382209, 1744, 1056, 5235, 174410512800369973, 211, fighting, gupta, srabana, study, highway, 153988096, 0889, 938x, 1023, 1012568509136, 451, 1997, 760, l288, disapprove, approach, kolasky, address, george, symposium, brussels, guinness, grand, metropolitan, 454, l268, conner, miraculous, recoveries, 1975, 499, kali, und, salz, ecmr, argument, put, forth, west, paul, unlike, dim, l102, mannesmann, vallourec, ilva, 342, 2585, airtours, plc, 1403, flat, glass, 1375, 219, lasting, results, previously, indirect, whole, parts, braid, 895, pirs, 12228, 2017pregs, 881b, bibcode, 881, papers, enhancing, spatial, 405, 1468, 0335, tb00002, 386, economica, coase, ronald, codified, reg, 753, wrote, structures, strengthen, need, positions, gencor, ltd, hyytinen, ari, steen, frode, toivanen, otto, 621, 2191, 26807531, 0013, 0133, ecoj, 12633, 2155, anatomy, sheffrin, upper, saddle, river, prentice, hall, 063085, 171, arthur, 340, 332, imagine, rational, stragy, apparent, confirmed, rare, sixth, corinne, bodson, pompes, funèbres, régions, libérées, preliminary, ruling, cour, cassation, funeral, publishers, 701, 706, 8205, 6104, lexisnexis, materials, problems, fifth, herbert, connor, heidelberg, paperback, bernheim, douglas, whinston, 372, president, proceedings, interim, relief, daniel, khemani, glossary, analysisgroup, kevin, marshall, stephen, kalos, 228, injury, ezrachi, ariel, stucke, maurice, emerging, threats, oligopolies, conscious, parallelism, concertatio, ayn, defines, discusses, nathaniel_branden, unknown, ideal, greenspan, gal, michal, offense, belief, 384, 201064375, proquest, 700863, 55640455, 1177, 0003603x0404900109, 343, bulletin, vatiero, institutionalist, explanation, dominances, 221, uploads, library, doc752, workbook, eben, magali, kluwer, blog, notice, embracing, l26073, globalcompetitionforum, bishop, mike, walker, geo, rev, 885, 887, econ, 581, 584, criterioneconomics, html, rewriting, competition_and_consumer_act_2010, discussion, exclusionary, 448, wood, usdoj, atr, speeches, txt, internationalisation, releases, release, asked, questions, sec, 1732, implementation, laid, modernisation


Text of the page (random words):
stion of monopolies archived october 24 2005 at the wayback machine by nathaniel_branden defines and discusses coercive monopoly oligopolies conscious parallelism and concertatio pdf archived from the original pdf on 8 july 2007 retrieved 26 february 2012 ezrachi ariel stucke maurice e 2017 emerging antitrust threats and enforcement actions in the online world competition law international 13 125 archived from the original on 4 april 2023 retrieved 24 march 2021 kevin scott marshall stephen h kalos the economics of antitrust injury and firm specific damages 2008 p 228 continental can 1973 the interplay of consumer privacy competition and regulation www analysisgroup com retrieved 18 june 2026 shapiro daniel m khemani r s 1993 glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law pdf p 83 microsoft corp v commission of the european communities 2007 t 201 04 order of the president of the court of first instance of 22 december 2004 microsoft corp v commission of the european communities proceedings for interim relief article 82 ec case t 201 04 r ecli eu t 2004 372 bernheim b douglas whinston michael d february 1998 exclusive dealing journal of political economy 106 1 the university of chicago press 64 103 doi 10 1086 250003 jstor 10 1086 250003 exclusive dealing australian competition and consumer commission accc 9 january 2013 retrieved 18 october 2020 market sharing competition commission hong kong retrieved 22 october 2020 connor john m 2008 global price fixing 2nd paperback edition heidelberg springer sullivan e thomas and hovenkamp herbert antitrust law policy and procedure cases materials and problems fifth edition lexisnexis publishers 2004 isbn 0 8205 6104 5 pp 701 706 judgment of the court sixth chamber of 4 may 1988 corinne bodson v sa pompes funèbres des régions libérées reference for a preliminary ruling cour de cassation france competition funeral services exclusive special rights case 30 87 ecli eu c 1988 225 see e g posner 1998 p 332 while it is possible to imagine cases in which predatory pricing would be a rational stragy it should be apparent by now why confirmed cases of it are rare case t 340 03 france telecom sa v commission akzo 1991 para 71 in the eu under article 82 2 c irish sugar 1999 o sullivan arthur sheffrin steven m 2003 economics principles in action upper saddle river new jersey pearson prentice hall pp 171 isbn 0 13 063085 3 collusion law legal definition collusion archived 2008 01 09 at the wayback machine hyytinen ari steen frode toivanen otto 2019 an anatomy of cartel contracts the economic journal 129 621 2155 2191 doi 10 1111 ecoj 12633 issn 0013 0133 jstor 26807531 in the case of t 102 96 gencor ltd v commission 1999 ecr ii 753 the eu court of first instance wrote merger control is there to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions art 2 3 reg 129 2005 clayton act section 7 codified at 15 u s c 18 see for instance para 17 guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers 2004 c 31 03 coase ronald h november 1937 the nature of the firm pdf economica 4 16 386 405 doi 10 1111 j 1468 0335 1937 tb00002 x archived from the original pdf on 13 january 2007 retrieved 10 february 2007 ralph m braid 2017 efficiency enhancing horizontal mergers in spatial competition papers in regional science 96 4 881 895 bibcode 2017pregs 96 881b doi 10 1111 pirs 12228 under ec law a concentration is where a change of control on a lasting basis results from a the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings b the acquisition if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings art 3 1 regulation 139 2004 the european community merger regulation c 68 94 france v commission 1998 ecr i 1375 para 219 italian flat glass 1992 ecr ii 1403 t 342 99 airtours plc v commission 2002 ecr ii 2585 para 62 mannesmann vallourec and ilva 1994 cmlr 529 oj l102 21 april 1994 see the argument put forth in hovenkamp h 1999 federal antitrust policy the law of competition and its practice 2nd ed west group st paul minnesota unlike the authorities however the courts take a dim view of the efficiencies defense art 2 of the ecmr kali und salz ag v commission 1975 ecr 499 conner ian 27 may 2020 on failing firms and miraculous recoveries federal trade commission time warner aol 2002 4 cmlr 454 oj l268 e g guinness grand metropolitan 1997 5 cmlr 760 oj l288 many in the us disapprove of this approach see w j kolasky conglomerate mergers and range effects it s a long way from chicago to brussels 9 november 2001 address before george mason university symposium washington dc gupta srabana 2001 the effect of bid rigging on prices a study of the highway construction industry review of industrial organization 19 4 451 465 doi 10 1023 a 1012568509136 issn 0889 938x s2cid 153988096 guidelines for fighting bid rigging in public procurement oecd www oecd org retrieved 11 september 2018 maci marsela april 2012 private enforcement in bid rigging cases in the european union european competition journal 8 1 211 227 doi 10 5235 174410512800369973 issn 1744 1056 s2cid 154382209 lacasse chantale 1995 bid rigging and the threat of government prosecution the rand journal of economics 26 3 wiley 398 417 issn 0741 6261 jstor 2555995 exclusive dealing australian competition and consumer commission accc 9 january 2013 retrieved 18 october 2020 katsuyama neil 2009 2010 the economics of occupational licensing applying antitrust economics to distinguish between beneficial and anticompetitive professional licenses southern california interdisciplinary law journal 19 565 daskalova victoria i heldeweg michiel a 2019 challenges for responsible certification in institutional context the case of competition law enforcement in markets with certification in rott peter ed certification trust accountability liability cham springer international publishing pp 23 71 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 02499 4_3 isbn 978 3 030 02499 4 retrieved 15 august 2025 sage william m hyman david a greenberg warren march april 2003 why competition law matters to health care quality health affairs 22 2 31 44 doi 10 1377 hlthaff 22 2 31 issn 0278 2715 pmid 12674406 competition markets authority employers advice on how to avoid anti competitive behaviour gov uk retrieved 11 september 2023 antitrust enforcement and intellectual property rights promoting innovation and competition pdf report u s department of justice and federal trade commission april 2007 archived pdf from the original on 30 may 2009 retrieved 9 october 2009 suzanne scotchmer innovation and incentives the mit press 2004 chapter 2 eastern_railroad_presidents_conference_v _noerr_motor_freight _inc 365 u s 127 135 1961 united_mine_workers_v _pennington 381 u s 657 670 1965 parker director of agriculture et al v brown 317 u s 341 1943 van loo rory 1 january 2020 in defense of breakups administering a radical remedy cornell law review 105 7 1955 degen konrad gleiss alexander 17 january 2025 time to break up the case for tailor made digital platform regulation based on platform governance standard types electronic markets 35 1 5 doi 10 1007 s12525 024 00747 7 hdl 10419 319043 issn 1422 8890 avi yonah reuven s shanan tamir 2024 rethinking taxing excess profits ssrn electronic journal doi 10 2139 ssrn 4792580 issn 1556 5068 retrieved 19 june 2026 bork robert h 1978 the antitrust paradox new york free press isbn 978 0 465 00369 3 whish 2024 pp 19 22 sfn error no target citerefwhish2024 help mcewin r ian 2003 competition law in a small open economy university of new south wales law journal 15 246 archived from the original on 25 february 2021 retrieved 9 october 2009 akcigit ufuk baslandze salomé lotti francesca 2023 connecting to power political connections innovation and firm dynamics pdf econometrica 91 2 529 564 doi 10 3982 ecta18338 archived pdf from the original on 8 may 2020 c 85 76 hoffmann la roche co ag v commission 1979 ecr 461 akzo 1991 michelin 1983 c 27 76 united brands continental bv v commission 1978 ecr 207 monopoly efficiency and deadweight loss explained definition examples practice video lessons www pearson com archived from the original on 20 april 2025 retrieved 19 january 2026 whish 2003 p 14 clark john m 1940 towards a concept of workable competition american economic review 30 2 241 56 jstor 1807048 cf lipsey r g lancaster kelvin 1956 the general theory of second best review of economic studies 24 1 11 32 doi 10 2307 2296233 jstor 2296233 rochet jean charles tirole jean 2003 platform competition in two sided markets journal of the european economic association 1 4 990 1029 doi 10 1162 154247603322493212 issn 1542 4766 1 2 crémer jacques de montjoye yves alexandre schweitzer heike 2019 competition policy for the digital era europäische kommission luxembourg publications office of the european union isbn 978 92 76 01946 6 furman j coyle d fletcher a mcauley d marsden p 2019 unlocking digital competition report of the digital competition expert panel uk government hm treasury doi 10 17639 wjcs jc14 cowan simon ormosi peter perkins joe 2024 new directions in competition policy an overview oxford review of economic policy 40 4 687 695 doi 10 1093 oxrep graf001 issn 0266 903x retrieved 30 march 2026 newman john m 2015 antitrust in zero price markets foundations university of pennsylvania law review 164 1 the university of pennsylvania law review 149 206 issn 0041 9907 jstor 24752847 retrieved 9 july 2025 1 2 gawer annabelle 2021 digital platforms boundaries the interplay of firm scope platform sides and digital interfaces long range planning strategizing in a digital world overcoming cognitive barriers reconfiguring routines and introducing new organizational forms 54 5 102045 doi 10 1016 j lrp 2020 102045 issn 0024 6301 korinek anton vipra jai 2025 concentrating intelligence scaling and market structure in artificial intelligence economic policy 40 121 225 256 doi 10 1093 epolic eiae057 issn 0266 4658 retrieved 10 september 2026 competition commission the competition ordinance cap 619 www compcomm hk archived from the original on 12 june 2017 retrieved 27 june 2017 cci formation cci archived from the original on 14 april 2021 retrieved 4 january 2013 warrier vs conflict between competition law and intellectual property rights citation 2010 1 lw 2 archived 10 september 2020 at the wayback machine the lex warrier online law journal issn 2319 8338 khan rafique 3 november 2025 india s antitrust crossroads rethinking competition law after the draft bill withdrawal concurrences retrieved 22 march 2026 china s updated anti monopoly law criticised for not doing enough south china morning post 9 january 2020 archived from the original on 27 october 2022 retrieved 27 october 2022 overview asean one vision one identity one community archived from the original on 28 february 2018 retrieved 28 february 2018 competition law in asean where are we now and where are we headed conventus law 19 june 2016 archived from the original on 28 february 2018 retrieved 28 february 2018 eu competition law a roadmap for asean eu centre in singapore archived from the original on 28 february 2018 retrieved 28 february 2018 a new era for competition law in the asean region expert guides archived from the original on 28 february 2018 retrieved 28 february 2018 papadopoulos anestis s 2010 the international dimension of eu competition law and policy cambridge university press pp 11 12 isbn 978 0 521 19646 8 archived from the original on 12 april 2024 retrieved 22 october 2020 ftc announces reduced hart scott rodino act thresholds for 2021 seyfarth shaw ftc announces reduced hart scott rodino act thresholds for 2021 archived from the original on 12 april 2021 retrieved 12 april 2021 consolidated federal laws of canada competition act legislative services branch 20 june 2025 retrieved 8 august 2025 government of canada innovation science and economic development canada office of the deputy minister competition bureau canada competition bureau canada ca 17 february 2025 archived from the original on 19 february 2025 retrieved 8 august 2025 papadopoulos anestis s 2010 the international dimension of eu competition law and policy cambridge university press pp 12 13 isbn 978 0 521 19646 8 papadopoulos anestis s 2010 the international dimension of eu competition law and policy cambridge university press p 14 isbn 978 0 521 19646 8 vandenborre ingrid goetz thorsten dionnet stephane eu nonmerger antitrust enforcement gets stricter transaction advisors issn 2329 9134 archived from the original on 23 june 2017 retrieved 29 april 2015 council regulation ec no 139 2004 of 20 january 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings the ec merger regulation the world bank republic of armenia accumulation competition and connectivity global competition pdf the world bank archived pdf from the original on 7 may 2019 retrieved 7 may 2019 references edit bork robert h 1978 the antitrust paradox new york free press isbn 0 465 00369 9 _____ 1993 the antitrust paradox second edition new york free press isbn 0 02 904456 1 friedman milton 1999 the business community s suicidal impulse cato policy report 21 2 pp 6 7 scroll down press galbraith kenneth 1967 the new industrial state harrington joseph e 2008 antitrust enforcement in durlauf steven n blume lawrence e eds the new palgrave dictionary of economics 2nd ed archived from the original on 21 december 2016 mill john stuart 1859 on liberty posner richard 2001 antitrust law 2nd ed isbn 978 0 226 67576 3 preview _____ 2007 economic analysis of law 7th ed isbn 978 0 7355 6354 4 prosser tony 2005 the limits of competition law ch 1 rubinfeld d l 2001 antitrust policy international encyclopedia of the social behavioral sciences pp 553 560 doi 10 1016 b0 08 043076 7 02299 3 isbn 9780080430768 schumpeter joseph 1942 the process of creative destruction smith adam 1776 an enquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations online from the adam smith institute wilberforce richard alan campbell and neil elles 1966 the law of restrictive practices and monopolies 2nd edition london sweet and maxwell lccn 66 70116 whish richard 2003 competition law 5th ed lexis nexis butterworths whish richard bailey david 2024 competition law 11th ed united kingdom oxford university press further reading edit competition policy international issn 1554 6853 available at https web archive org web 20071127034131 http www globalcompetitionpolicy org elhauge einer geradin damien 2007 global competition law and economics isbn 1 84113 465 1 faull jonathan nikpay ali eds 2007 faull nikpay the ec law of competition isbn 978 0 19 926929 7 georg erber georg kooths stefan windows vista securing itself against competition in diw weekly report 2 2007 vol 3 7 14 hylton keith n et al antitrust world reports external links edit united nations set of principles on competition the...
Images from subpage: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_competition_law" Verify
Images from subpage: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community... " Verify
Images from subpage: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" Verify
Images from subpage: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" Verify
Images from subpage: "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" Verify

Verified site has: 348 subpage(s). Do you want to verify them? Verify pages:

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100
101-105 106-110 111-115 116-120 121-125 126-130 131-135 136-140 141-145 146-150
151-155 156-160 161-165 166-170 171-175 176-180 181-185 186-190 191-195 196-200
201-205 206-210 211-215 216-220 221-225 226-230 231-235 236-240 241-245 246-250
251-255 256-260 261-265 266-270 271-275 276-280 281-285 286-290 291-295 296-300
301-305 306-310 311-315 316-320 321-325 326-330 331-335 336-340 341-345 346-348


The site also has 65 references to external domain(s).

 donate.wikimedia.org  Verify  commons.wikimedia.org  Verify  en.wikinews.org  Verify
 wikidata.org  Verify  papers.ssrn.com  Verify  books.google.com  Verify
 web.archive.org  Verify  ec.europa.eu  Verify  ohiohistorycentral.org  Verify
 oecd.org  Verify  journals.uchicago.edu  Verify  doi.org  Verify
 search.worldcat.org  Verify  academic.oup.com  Verify  ssrn.com  Verify
 newspapers.com  Verify  ukcatalogue.oup.com  Verify  assets.publishing.service.gov.uk  Verify
 eur-lex.europa.eu  Verify  europa.eu  Verify  usdoj.gov  Verify
 internationalcompetitionnetwork.org  Verify  law.cornell.edu  Verify  criterioneconomics.com  Verify
 globalcompetitionforum.org  Verify  competitionlawblog.kluwercompetitionlaw.com  Verify  api.semanticscholar.org  Verify
 proquest.com  Verify  polyconomics.com  Verify  nathanielbranden.com  Verify
 eui.eu  Verify  heinonline.org  Verify  analysisgroup.com  Verify
 jstor.org  Verify  archive.org  Verify  definitions.uslegal.com  Verify
 encarta.msn.com  Verify  cerna.ensmp.fr  Verify  ui.adsabs.harvard.edu  Verify
 ftc.gov  Verify  healthaffairs.org  Verify  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov  Verify
 gov.uk  Verify  scholarship.law.bu.edu  Verify  hdl.handle.net  Verify
 austlii.edu.au  Verify  nber.org  Verify  pearson.com  Verify
 nottingham-repository.worktribe.com  Verify  sciencedirect.com  Verify  compcomm.hk  Verify
 cci.gov.in  Verify  lex-warrier.in  Verify  concurrences.com  Verify
 scmp.com  Verify  asean.org  Verify  conventuslaw.com  Verify
 eucentre.sg  Verify  expertguides.com  Verify  seyfarth.com  Verify
 laws.justice.gc.ca  Verify  competition-bureau.canada.ca  Verify  transactionadvisors.com  Verify
 documents.worldbank.org  Verify  dictionaryofeconomics.com  Verify


Top 50 hastags from of all verified websites.

Supplementary Information (add-on for SEO geeks)*- See more on header.verify-www.com

Header

HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
content-length 0
location htt????/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law
server HAProxy
x-cache cp6011 int
x-cache-status int-tls
connection close
HTTP/2 200
date Wed, 23 Sep 2026 19:22:00 GMT
server mw-web.eqiad.main-5c5554d4b-7zp7d
x-content-type-options nosniff
content-language en
accept-ch
reporting-endpoints csp-report-to-endpoint= /w/api.php?action=cspreport&format=json ;
content-security-policy script-src unsafe-eval blob: self meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost htt????/localhost:* htt???/localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org unsafe-inline auth.wikimedia.org; default-src self data: blob: upload.wikimedia.org thumb.wikimedia.org htt????/commons.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost htt????/localhost:* htt???/localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org en.wikibooks.org en.wikinews.org en.wikiquote.org en.wikisource.org en.wikiversity.org en.wikivoyage.org en.wiktionary.org www.mediawiki.org commons.wikimedia.org foundation.wikimedia.org incubator.wikimedia.org species.wikimedia.org wikimania.wikimedia.org www.wikidata.org www.wikifunctions.org auth.wikimedia.org; style-src self data: blob: upload.wikimedia.org thumb.wikimedia.org htt????/commons.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia.org *.wikimedia.org *.wikipedia.org *.wikinews.org *.wiktionary.org *.wikibooks.org *.wikiversity.org *.wikisource.org wikisource.org *.wikiquote.org *.wikidata.org *.wikifunctions.org *.wikivoyage.org *.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org *.wmcloud.org *.toolforge.org wss://*.toolforge.org *.jsdelivr.net unpkg.com cdnjs.cloudflare.com raw.githubusercontent.com *.github.com code.jquery.com cdn.mathjax.org use.typekit.net fonts.cdnfonts.com use.fontawesome.com i.ytimg.com rsms.me doi.org localhost htt????/localhost:* htt???/localhost:* wss://localhost:* ws://localhost:* *.google.com *.gstatic.com *.googleapis.com *.translate.yandex.net yastatic.net ya.ru radically.github.io cdn.sammdot.ca cdn.fontshare.com viaf.org publicai-proxy.alaexis.workers.dev iiif.archive.org api.flickr.com live.staticflickr.com api.anthropic.com api.openai.com api.publicai.co catalogo.pusc.it parsifal.urbe.it opac.sbn.it overpass-api.de api.openrouteservice.org archive.org *.openstreetmap.org *.waymarkedtrails.org *.thunderforest.com registry.ipe.wiki analytics.ipe.wiki qlever.dev app.goacoustic.com wikipedia-archive.ourworldindata.org api.inaturalist.org inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com validator.w3.org db.onlinewebfonts.com fontlibrary.org unsafe-inline ; object-src none ; report-uri /w/api.php?action=cspreport&format=json; report-to csp-report-to-endpoint
last-modified Wed, 23 Sep 2026 17:40:24 GMT
content-type text/html; charset=UTF-8
content-encoding gzip
age 9398
accept-ranges bytes
x-cache cp6001 hit, cp6009 miss
x-cache-status hit-local
strict-transport-security max-age=106384710; includeSubDomains; preload
report-to group : wm_nel , max_age : 604800, endpoints : [ url : htt????/intake-logging.wikimedia.org/v1/events?stream=w3c.reportingapi.network_error&schema_uri=/w3c/reportingapi/network_error/1.0.0 ]
nel report_to : wm_nel , max_age : 604800, failure_fraction : 0.05, success_fraction : 0.0
set-cookie WMF-Last-Access=23-Sep-2026;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Sun, 25 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT
set-cookie WMF-Last-Access-Global=23-Sep-2026;Path=/;Domain=.wikipedia.org;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Sun, 25 Oct 2026 12:00:00 GMT
set-cookie WMF-DP=4c1;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;Expires=Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT
x-client-ip 5.135.42.194
cache-control private, s-maxage=0, max-age=0, must-revalidate, no-transform
vary Accept-Encoding,X-Subdomain,Cookie,Authorization,User-Agent
set-cookie GeoIP=FR:::48.86:2.34:v4; Path=/; secure; Domain=.wikipedia.org
set-cookie NetworkProbeLimit=0.001;Path=/;Secure;SameSite=None;Max-Age=3600
set-cookie WMF-Uniq=WTjAxYV0t-D3nPolegeg3APkAAAAAFvdd4H0-2uepmmeyqG3zlpASmL_Hz1ymW4u;Domain=.wikipedia.org;Path=/;HttpOnly;secure;SameSite=None;Expires=Thu, 23 Sep 2027 00:00:00 GMT
x-request-id 6a3f3d65-13a8-4f0f-9c93-f432a47a29c5
x-analytics
server-timing cache;desc= hit-local , host;desc= cp6009 ,co_id;desc= 2054118855

Meta Tags

title="Competition law - Wikipedia"
charset="UTF-8"
name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""
name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20"
name="referrer" content="origin"
name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"
name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"
name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"
name="viewport" content="width=1120"
property="og:title" content="Competition law - Wikipedia"
property="og:type" content="website"
property="mw:PageProp/toc" id="mwGg" data-mw='{"autoGenerated":true}'

Load Info

page size657135
load time (s)0.138302
redirect count1
speed download777644
server IP 185.15.58.224
* all occurrences of the string "http://" have been changed to "htt???/"