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Text of the page (random words):
ining a prolonged campaign generating enormous levels of unamplified ddos traffic apdos attacks are characterized by advanced reconnaissance pre attack osint and extensive decoyed scanning crafted to evade detection over long periods tactical execution attack with both primary and secondary victims but the focus is on primary explicit motivation a calculated end game goal target large computing capacity access to substantial computer power and network bandwidth simultaneous multi threaded osi layer attacks sophisticated tools operating at layers 3 through 7 persistence over extended periods combining all the above into a concerted well managed attack across a range of targets 55 denial of service as a service edit main article stresser some vendors provide so called booter or stresser services which have simple web based front ends and accept payment over the web marketed and promoted as stress testing tools they can be used to perform unauthorized denial of service attacks and allow technically unsophisticated attackers access to sophisticated attack tools 56 usually powered by a botnet the traffic produced by a consumer stresser can range anywhere from 5 50 gbit s which can in most cases deny the average home user internet access 57 markov modulated denial of service attack edit a markov modulated denial of service attack occurs when the attacker disrupts control packets using a hidden markov model a setting in which markov model based attacks are prevalent is online gaming as the disruption of the control packet undermines gameplay and system functionality 58 symptoms edit the united states computer emergency readiness team us cert has identified symptoms of a denial of service attack to include 59 unusually slow network performance opening files or accessing websites unavailability of a particular website or inability to access any website attack techniques edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources denial of service attack news newspapers books scholar jstor february 2024 learn how and when to remove this message attack tools edit in cases such as mydoom and slowloris the tools are embedded in malware and launch their attacks without the knowledge of the system owner stacheldraht is a classic example of a ddos tool it uses a layered structure where the attacker uses a client program to connect to handlers which are compromised systems that issue commands to the zombie agents which in turn facilitate the ddos attack agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker using automated routines to exploit vulnerabilities in programs that accept remote connections running on the targeted remote hosts each handler can control up to a thousand agents 60 in other cases a machine may become part of a ddos attack with the owner s consent for example in operation payback organized by the group anonymous the low orbit ion cannon has typically been used in this way along with high orbit ion cannon a wide variety of ddos tools are available today including paid and free versions with different features available there is an underground market for these in hacker related forums and irc channels application layer attacks edit application layer attacks employ dos causing exploits and can cause server running software to fill the disk space or consume all available memory or cpu time attacks may use specific packet types or connection requests to saturate finite resources by for example occupying the maximum number of open connections or filling the victim s disk space with logs an attacker with shell level access to a victim s computer may slow it until it is unusable or crash it by using a fork bomb another kind of application level dos attack is xdos or xml dos which can be controlled by modern web application firewalls wafs all attacks belonging to the category of timeout exploiting 61 slow dos attacks implement an application layer attack examples of threats are slowloris establishing pending connections with the victim or slowdroid an attack running on mobile devices another target of ddos attacks may be to produce added costs for the application operator when the latter uses resources based on cloud computing in this case normally application used resources are tied to a needed quality of service qos level e g responses should be less than 200 ms and this rule is usually linked to automated software e g amazon cloudwatch 62 to raise more virtual resources from the provider to meet the defined qos levels for the increased requests the main incentive behind such attacks may be to drive the application owner to raise the elasticity levels to handle the increased application traffic to cause financial losses or force them to become less competitive a banana attack is another particular type of dos it involves redirecting outgoing messages from the client back onto the client preventing outside access as well as flooding the client with the sent packets a land attack is of this type degradation of service attacks edit pulsing zombies are compromised computers that are directed to launch intermittent and short lived flooding of victim websites with the intent of merely slowing it rather than crashing it this type of attack referred to as degradation of service can be more difficult to detect and can disrupt and hamper connection to websites for prolonged periods of time potentially causing more overall disruption than a denial of service attack 63 64 exposure of degradation of service attacks is complicated further by the matter of discerning whether the server is really being attacked or is experiencing higher than normal legitimate traffic loads 65 distributed dos attack edit if an attacker mounts an attack from a single host it would be classified as a dos attack any attack against availability would be classed as a denial of service attack on the other hand if an attacker uses many systems to simultaneously launch attacks against a remote host this would be classified as a ddos attack malware can carry ddos attack mechanisms one of the better known examples of this was mydoom its dos mechanism was triggered on a specific date and time this type of ddos involved hardcoding the target ip address before releasing the malware and no further interaction was necessary to launch the attack a system may also be compromised with a trojan containing a zombie agent attackers can also break into systems using automated tools that exploit flaws in programs that listen for connections from remote hosts this scenario primarily concerns systems acting as servers on the web stacheldraht is a classic example of a ddos tool it uses a layered structure where the attacker uses a client program to connect to handlers which are compromised systems that issue commands to the zombie agents which in turn facilitate the ddos attack agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker each handler can control up to a thousand agents 60 in some cases a machine may become part of a ddos attack with the owner s consent for example in operation payback organized by the group anonymous these attacks can use different types of internet packets such as tcp udp icmp etc these collections of compromised systems are known as botnets ddos tools like stacheldraht still use classic dos attack methods centered on ip spoofing and amplification like smurf attacks and fraggle attacks types of bandwidth consumption attacks syn floods a resource starvation attack may also be used newer tools can use dns servers for dos purposes unlike mydoom s ddos mechanism botnets can be turned against any ip address script kiddies use them to deny the availability of well known websites to legitimate users 66 more sophisticated attackers use ddos tools for the purposes of extortion including against their business rivals 67 it has been reported that there are new attacks from internet of things iot devices that have been involved in denial of service attacks 68 one such attack peaked at around 20 000 requests per second it came from around 900 cctv cameras 69 uk s gchq has tools built for ddos named predators face and rolling thunder 70 simple attacks such as syn floods may appear with a wide range of source ip addresses giving the appearance of a distributed dos these flood attacks do not require completion of the tcp three way handshake and attempt to exhaust the destination syn queue or the server bandwidth because the source ip addresses can be trivially spoofed an attack could come from a limited set of sources or may even originate from a single host stack enhancements such as syn cookies may be effective mitigation against syn queue flooding but do not address bandwidth exhaustion in 2022 tcp attacks were the leading method in ddos incidents accounting for 63 of all ddos activity this includes tactics like tcp syn tcp ack and tcp floods with tcp being the most widespread networking protocol its attacks are expected to remain prevalent in the ddos threat scene 16 ddos extortion edit in 2015 ddos botnets such as dd4bc grew in prominence taking aim at financial institutions 71 cyber extortionists typically begin with a low level attack and a warning that a larger attack will be carried out if a ransom is not paid in bitcoin 72 security experts recommend targeted websites to not pay the ransom the attackers tend to get into an extended extortion scheme once they recognize that the target is ready to pay 73 http slow post dos attack edit first discovered in 2009 the http slow post attack sends a complete legitimate http post header which includes a content length field to specify the size of the message body to follow however the attacker then proceeds to send the actual message body at an extremely slow rate e g 1 byte 110 seconds due to the entire message being correct and complete the target server will attempt to obey the content length field in the header and wait for the entire body of the message to be transmitted which can take a very long time the attacker establishes hundreds or even thousands of such connections until all resources for incoming connections on the victim server are exhausted making any further connections impossible until all data has been sent it is notable that unlike many other dos or ddos attacks which try to subdue the server by overloading its network or cpu an http slow post attack targets the logical resources of the victim which means the victim would still have enough network bandwidth and processing power to operate 74 combined with the fact that the apache http server will by default accept requests up to 2gb in size this attack can be particularly powerful http slow post attacks are difficult to differentiate from legitimate connections and are therefore able to bypass some protection systems owasp an open source web application security project released a tool to test the security of servers against this type of attack 75 challenge collapsar cc attack edit a challenge collapsar cc attack is an attack where standard http requests are sent to a targeted web server frequently the uniform resource identifiers uris in the requests require complicated time consuming algorithms or database operations which may exhaust the resources of the targeted web server 76 77 78 in 2004 a chinese hacker nicknamed kiki invented a hacking tool to send these kinds of requests to attack a nsfocus firewall named collapsar and thus the hacking tool was known as challenge collapsar or cc for short consequently this type of attack got the name cc attack 79 internet control message protocol icmp flood edit a smurf attack relies on misconfigured network devices that allow packets to be sent to all computer hosts on a particular network via the broadcast address of the network rather than a specific machine the attacker will send large numbers of ip packets with the source address faked to appear to be the address of the victim 80 most devices on a network will by default respond to this by sending a reply to the source ip address if the number of machines on the network that receive and respond to these packets is very large the victim s computer will be flooded with traffic this overloads the victim s computer and can even make it unusable during such an attack 81 ping flood is based on sending the victim an overwhelming number of ping packets usually using the ping command from unix like hosts a it is very simple to launch the primary requirement being access to greater bandwidth than the victim ping of death is based on sending the victim a malformed ping packet which will lead to a system crash on a vulnerable system the blacknurse attack is an example of an attack taking advantage of the required destination port unreachable icmp packets nuke edit a nuke is an old fashioned denial of service attack against computer networks consisting of fragmented or otherwise invalid icmp packets sent to the target achieved by using a modified ping utility to repeatedly send this corrupt data thus slowing down the affected computer until it comes to a complete stop a specific example of a nuke attack that gained some prominence is the winnuke which exploited the vulnerability in the netbios handler in windows 95 a string of out of band data was sent to tcp port 139 of the victim s machine causing it to lock up and display a blue screen of death 82 peer to peer attacks edit see also direct connect protocol direct connect used for ddos attacks attackers have found a way to exploit a number of bugs in peer to peer servers to initiate ddos attacks the most aggressive of these peer to peer ddos attacks exploits the dc file sharing network 83 with peer to peer attacks there is no botnet and the attacker does not have to communicate with the clients it subverts instead the attacker acts as a puppet master instructing clients of large peer to peer file sharing hubs to disconnect from their peer to peer network and to connect to the victim s website instead 83 84 85 permanent denial of service attacks edit permanent denial of service pdos also known loosely as phlashing 86 is an attack that damages a system so badly that it requires replacement or reinstallation of hardware 87 unlike the distributed denial of service attack a pdos attack exploits security flaws which allow remote administration on the management interfaces of the victim s hardware such as routers printers or other networking hardware the attacker uses these vulnerabilities to replace a device s firmware with a modified corrupt or defective firmware image a process which when done legitimately is known as flashing the intent is to brick the device rendering it unusable for its original purpose until it can be repaired or replaced the pdos is a pure hardware targeted attack that can be much faster and requires fewer resources than using a botnet in a ddos attack because 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