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es university of michigan p 99 and note isbn 0 472 11490 5 malieckal bindu 2005 muslims matriliny and a midsummer night s dream european encounters with the mappilas of malabar india the muslim world 95 2 300 doi 10 1111 j 1478 1913 2005 00092 x mathur p r g 1977 the mappila fisherfolk of kerala a study in inter relationship between habitat technology economy society and culture kerala historical society p 1 vadakkekara 2007 p 52 1 2 vellian 1986 p 0 1 1 2 malekandathil 2003 pp 19 20 1 2 podipara 1971 p 2 1 2 3 frykenberg 2010 p 113 kollaparambil 1992 pp 84 85 zacharia paul lynn johnson the surprisingly early history of christianity in india smithsonian magazine thomas the apostole 8 february 2011 archived from the original on 8 february 2011 search for india s ancient city 11 june 2006 arrival of st thomas the visit of st thomas is still a matter of dispute among historians there are only very limited details about him in the bible kerala tourism archived government of kerala archived from the original on 14 january 2025 retrieved 10 july 2025 cite web cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link bayly 2004 p 244 1 2 thomas puthiakunnel 1973 jewish colonies of india paved the way for st thomas the saint thomas christian encyclopedia of india ed george menachery vol ii trichur frykenberg 2008 p 99 klijn 2003 p 15 childers 2011 medlycott 1912 eusebius book v chapter 10 frykenberg 2008 p 103 baum winkler 2003 p 52 medlycott 1912 whitehouse 1873 pp 12 20 indian christianity indianchristianity com retrieved 15 june 2026 frykenberg 2008 p 92 the song of thomas ramban in menachery g ed 1998 the indian church history classics vol i the nazranies ollur 1998 isbn 81 87133 05 8 whitehouse thomas 1873 lingerings of light in a dark land researches into the syrian church of malabar william brown and co pp 23 42 james arampulickal 1994 the pastoral care of the syro malabar catholic migrants oriental institute of religious studies india publications p 40 orientalia christiana periodica commentaril de re orientali volumes 17 18 pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum 1951 p 233 adrian hastings 15 august 2000 a world history of christianity wm b eerdmans p 149 isbn 978 0 8028 4875 8 department of tourism seven and half churches ezhara pallikal muthiah s 1999 madras rediscovered a historical guide to looking around supplemented with tales of once upon a city east west books p 113 isbn 818 685 222 0 frykenberg 2008 p 99 mundadan thekkedath 1982 pp 30 32 mani thattunkal zachariah 2016 thomaasleehaayude kerala christhavasabha onnaam noottaandil t z mani p 14 isbn missing full citation needed ayyar l k anantakrishna 1926 anthropology of the syrian christians cochin government press p 3 frykenberg 2008 pp 101 102 1 2 malekandathil 2010 pp 38 61 1 2 3 menachery 2000 brown 1956 p page needed 1 2 malekandathil 2014 75 76 77 78 1 2 3 medlycott 1912 frykenberg 2008 pp 102 107 115 medlycott 1912 kollaparambil 1992 pp 1 20 frykenberg 2010 p 113 fahlbusch bromiley lochman 2008 p 286 frykenberg 2010 p 113 baum winkler 2003 p 52 swiderski 1988a 1 2 kollaparambil 2015 p 129 neill 2004 pp 42 43 nedungatt 2001 p 41 related with east syriac church the spatial separateness of the st thomas christians from christian centres in other lands was not in every way absolute as at an early stage of their history they found themselves in rapport with the east syriac church neither their traditions nor their posterior documents exhibit any sign of constraint or bad blood occasioned by such a relationship on the other hand everything goes to show that it was a happy working arrangement their being in dire straits early on in their history and the arrival on the scene of the progenitors of the present day southists as benefactors appears to coincide with the community s acceptance of fellowship with the east syriac church dr benedict vadakkekara d aguiar rev j monteiro the magna carta of st thomas christians k s p no 4 p 172 and 195 burjor avari india the ancient past taylor francis 2007 p 221 isbn 0 415 35615 6 pothan 1963 pp 102 105 werner sundermann almut hintze françois de blois 2009 exegisti monumenta festschrift in honour of nicholas sims williams otto harrassowitz verlag p 38 isbn 978 3 447 05937 4 baum winkler 2003 p 53 1 2 walker 2011 1 2 frykenberg 2008 p 112 cosmas indicopleustes 24 june 2010 j w mccrindle ed the christian topography of cosmas an egyptian monk translated from the greek and edited with notes and introduction 2010 ed cambridge university press pp 48 119 120 365 366 isbn 978 1 108 01295 9 retrieved 3 november 2012 frykenberg 2008 pp 105 110 silverberg robert 1996 the realm of prester john pp 29 34 ohio university press isbn 1 84212 409 9 liščák 2018 pp 4 5 massing jean michel albuquerque luís de brown jonathan gonzález j j martín 1 january 1991 circa 1492 art in the age of exploration yale university press isbn 978 0 300 05167 4 cartography between christian europe and the arabic islamic world 1100 1500 divergent traditions brill 17 june 2021 p 176 isbn 978 90 04 44603 8 liščák 2018 p 5 kerala charithram p 59 sridhara menon full citation needed v nagam aiya 1906 travancore state manual p 244 1 2 perczel 2018 history quilon com yogesh sharma 2010 coastal histories society and ecology in pre modern india primus books p 78 isbn 978 93 80607 00 9 malekandathil 2010 p 43 fiey j m 1993 pour un oriens christianus novus répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux p 96 beirut orient institut wilmshurst 2000 p 343 391 baum winkler 2003 p 105 1 2 3 van der ploeg 1983 p 3 1 2 ms vatican syriac 22 ms vatican syriac 17 syriac manuscripts copied in south india nasranis 6 april 2012 mingana 1926 p 451 452 wilmshurst 2000 p 378 van der ploeg 1983 p 4 jordanus catalani yule henry parr charles mckew donor parr ruth 1863 mirabilia descripta the wonders of the east london printed for the hakluyt society p 23 para 31 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link antony martin thomas 5 june 2010 the story of joseph the indian a historical appraisal of the affairs of st thomas christians in the pre portuguese period nasranis wilmshurst 2000 pp 20 347 398 406 407 baum winkler 2003 pp 106 111 frykenberg 2008 pp 122 124 frykenberg 2008 pp 125 127 frykenberg 2008 pp 127 128 frykenberg 2008 pp 130 134 neill 2004 pp 208 210 medlycott 1912 takahashi 2011 neill 2004 pp 208 214 vadakkekara 2007 p 78 prasad 2009 p 484 tracing the heritage of syrian christians the hindu 21 february 2011 van der ploeg 1983 p page needed prasad 2009 p 484 frykenberg 2008 p 136 takahashi 2011 1 2 frykenberg 2008 p 367 1 2 neill 2004 pp 316 317 1 2 neill 2004 p 319 census of india 1961 kerala office of the registrar general 1965 p 111 there are various versions about the wording of swearing one version being that it was directed against the portuguese another that it was directed against jesuits yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of rome neill 2004 p 319 which to this day all members of the independent malankara church of kerala regard as the moment at which their church recovered its independence and returned to its own true nature 1 2 3 neill 2004 p 320 frykenberg 2008 p 368 archdeacon thomas having been elevated to high metran by the laying on of hands by twelve cattanars took the title of mar thoma i neill 2004 pp 320 321 frykenberg 2008 p 361 at the beginning most remained with the old archdeacon who after his elevation at koonen cross to the position of metran took the title mar thoma i and added such ancient titles as metran of all india gate of india mundadan thekkedath 1982 pp 96 100 neill 2004 p 323 frykenberg 2008 p 361 the dutch permitted old party catholics to be placed under the guidance of the carmelites and allowed them to keep mar alexander parampil aka alexander de campos as vicar apostolate he soon also designated himself as metran of all india and gate of india 1 2 menachery 1973 1982 1998 1 2 podipara 1970 1 2 brown 1956 1 2 tisserant 1957 mundadan thekkedath 1982 p page needed 28 142 143 144 145 146 vadakkekara 2007 p 84 frykenberg 2008 p 361 fernando gispert sauch 2004 p 79 chaput 1999 pp 7 8 perczel 2013 p 425 vadakkekara 2007 p 84 1 2 the quarterly journal of the mythic society vol 3 mythic society 1911 p 141 this incident marks an epoch in the history of the syrian church and led to a separation of the community into parties namely the pazhayakuru the romo syrians who adhered to the church of rome according to the synod at diamper and the puttankuru the jacobite syrians who after the oath of the coonan cross got mar gregory from antioch acknowledged the spiritual supremacy thereof the former owed its foundation to the archbishop menezes and the synod at diamper in 1599 and its reconciliation after the revolt to the carmelite bishop father joseph of st mary whom the pope appointed in 1659 neill stephen 1970 the story of the christian church in india and pakistan christian literature society p 36 at the end of a period of twenty years it was found that about two thirds of the people had remained within the roman allegiance one third stood by the archdeacon and had organized themselves as the independent malankara church faithful to the old eastern traditions and hostile to all the roman claims mackenzie gordon thomson 1901 christianity in travancore travancore government press p 28 isbn 9781230341651 cite book isbn date incompatibility help amaladass 1993 pp 14 15 frykenberg 2008 p 249 vadakkekara 2007 p 88 perczel 2013 p 417 1 2 3 4 brock 2011d medlycott 1912 koonammakkal 2013 pp 266 267 276 thalian 1961 archbishop simon dominicus catholic hierarchy brown 1956 pp 115 117 mooken 1977 pp 50 51 mooken 1983 pp 25 26 neill 2002 pp 62 65 perczel 2013 pp 428 431 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 fenwick 2011a 1 2 perczel 2013 p 427 and note 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 malekandathil 2013 neill 2002 p 67 neill 2002 pp 68 69 neill 2004 pp 67 68 perczel 2013 pp 431 432 mathew n m 2006 history of the marthoma church in malayalam vol 1 pp 205 207 kochumon m p saintly bishops of kattumangat in malayalam pp 42 44 varghese kassessa k c history of malabar independent syrian church in malayalam p 45 fenwick john 2009 the forgotten bishops nj georgias press pp 200 246 142 143 144 145 168 169 170 171 burgess michael 2005 the eastern orthodox churches mcfarland p 175 isbn 0 7864 2145 2 bayly 2004 pp 281 286 george joseph the life and times of a kerala christian nationalist orient blackswan 2003 pp 33 39 isbn 81 250 2495 6 neill 2004 p 241 cherian dr c v orthodox christianity in india academic publishers college road kottayam 2003 p 254 262 1 2 bayly 2004 p 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 varghese 2011 missionaries led state to renaissance pinarayi the hindu 13 november 2016 kerala to celebrate cms mission church mission society 9 november 2016 a history of the church of england in india by eyre chatterton 1924 anglicanhistory org 1 2 church of south india csi keralawindow net archbishop thomas rokuss catholic hierarchy martina giacomo 1986 pio ix 1851 1866 pontificia università gregoriana pp 372 374 isbn 8876525432 wilmshurst 2000 p 34 bishop jean élie mellus catholic hierarchy church of the east india wilmshurst 2000 p 75 mooken 1987 mooken 1975 p 11 26 perczel 2013 p 435 436 vadakkekara 2007 p 103 1 2 3 4 varghese a p india history religion vision and contribution to the world atlantic publishers 2008 isbn 978 81 269 0903 2 pp 376 378 m p varkey pulikkottil joseph mar dionysious ii metropolitan of jacobite faction of malankara church malayalam malayala manorama 1901 cheriyan c v orthodox christianity in india academic publishers college road kottayam 2003 p 294 mathew n m 2007 history of the marthoma church in malayalam vol ii p 125 kiraz george a 2011b ʿabdulmasīḥ ii gorgias encyclopedic dictionary of the syriac heritage electronic edition 1 2 3 kiraz 2011a k mani rajan 2017 holy fathers of the syrian orient entombed in kerala pdf jsc publications pp 111 116 a history of eastern christianity taylor francis pp 372 374 vadakkekara 2007 p 94 96 cherian dr c v orthodox christianity in india academic publishers college road kottayam 2003 p 354 chediath geevarghese 2012 the malankara catholic church pdf vadavathoor oirsi publications pp 201 226 isbn 978 81 88456 91 8 rev thomas p t rev p c zachariah it happened in the mar thoma church 1961 thomas k t rev t n koshy faith on trial ernakulam 1965 valayil c john 22 february 2018 transnational religious organization and practice a contextual analysis of kerala pentecostal churches in kuwait brill pp 96 108 isbn 978 90 04 36101 0 1 2 john stanley 10 december 2020 the rise of new generation churches in kerala christianity brill pp 271 291 doi 10 1163 9789004444867_014 isbn 9789004444867 s2cid 234532613 kumar p pratap ed december 2019 nidan international journal for indian studies nidan journal for the study of hinduism 4 2 7 18 issn 2414 8636 karkkainen veli matti 26 august 2009 the spirit in the world emerging pentecostal theologies in global contexts wm b eerdmans publishing pp 72 87 isbn 978 0 8028 6281 5 thomas christians later developments encyclopedia britannica 13 june 2024 anderson allan 13 may 2004 an introduction to pentecostalism global charismatic christianity cambridge university press pp 124 127 isbn 978 0 521 53280 8 samuel joy t 2018 chapter 1 a brief history of pentecostal and neocharismatic movements in kerala india the pneumatic experiences of the indian neocharismatics university of birmingham brown candy gunther 24 february 2011 global pentecostal and charismatic healing oxford university press p 334 isbn 978 0 19 979306 8 turner bryan s salemink oscar eds 2015 routledge handbook of religions in asia routledge p 90 isbn 978 1 317 63646 5 1 2 3 thomas johnson nossiter communism in kerala a study in political adaptation university of california press 1982 pp 78 82 isbn 0 520 04667 6 gupta om 15 april 2006 encyclopaedia of india pakistan and bangladesh gyan publishing house isbn 978 81 8205 389 2 retrieved 15 june 2026 via google books 1 2 3 4 devika varghese 2010 p page needed jeffrey robin march 1976 temple entry movement in travancore social scientist 4 8 11 12 archived from the original on 3 june 2012 recreating an unsung hero the hindu 14 november 2015 devika varghese 2010 pp 19 20 donald eugene smith et al south asian politics and religion princeton university press 1966 p 190 george mathew communal road to a secular kerala concept publishing company 1989 isbn 81 7022 282 6 pp 91 103 p r saraswati 2007 the impact of indian christianity on indian society christianity in india through the centuries pdf authentic books pp 205 252 isbn 9788173627866 archived from the original pdf on 11 july 2012 history of legislative bodies in kerala keralaassembly org retrieved 16 june 2012 reflections on finance education and society motilal banarsidass publication 1972 p 114 isbn 9788120830752 kerala socio economic survey 1968 thomas johnson nossiter 1982 communism in kerala a 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