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t qualitatively inferior to the poet of the iliad and odyssey the main motive for continuing to study these poems must be what has already been stated as their main attraction in antiquity they did preserve however inadequately and inelegantly a good deal of interesting mythological information in many cases they may have been the earliest literary sources to contain these details homer s elimination of the crudely fantastic allowed him to achieve a personal and inimitable poetic vision but what homer left out clearly appealed to a substantial number of greeks homer s poetic world does not comprise the whole of the hellenic outlook the folk tale motifs one finds preserved in the cyclic poets are often fascinating in their own right and widen our perspective especially of the darker side of greek myth malcolm davies the greek epic cycle ch 1 the epic cycle when i read laura jenkinson brown s you are odysseus last year i was puzzled by the first entry where did this story about odysseus and diomedes come from i was pretty sure it wasn t in the odyssey i d just read it a few months before and indeed it wasn t it was in the little iliad one of the books of the epic cycle i vaguely remembered having heard of this before but at that point i became obsessed with these epics alas there aren t many print books about them aimed at a general readership so i started out with what was available the greek epic cycle by malcolm davies which presents a scholarly analysis of all eleven books focusing on the descriptions written by proclus plus the few available fragments because this book was a bit over my pay grade i supplemented my investigation with what was available on youtube all this means that if you are here to find answers for your homework you d better look elsewhere because i am not a reliable source i m just fumbling around trying to reinforce my memory and preserve something for later review i did have a lot of fun playing around with the material however and learned a great deal for instance the epic cycle is where the mythology is oedipus the judgment of paris the sacrifice of iphigenia the actual sack of troy all the stuff that isn t in the iliad and the odyssey but seems to be common knowledge i finally get it the story begins earlier and ends later than the homeric epics let on there are other sources of some other myths but this collection written down sometime around 700 bce is the og for much of what we call greek mythology for instance this is where so many of the tragedies come from sophocles didn t make his stuff up he adapted myths that had been passed along orally for centuries then were finally written down sometime around the same time as the more famous homeric epics but because the poetry was inferior they weren t copied and recopied as extensively so were for the most part lost phrased more eloquently aristotle specifically argues that the homeric epics work so well because their scope is defined by their protagonists while the shorter epics are so dispersed that there are multiple tragedies nestled within each so they work better when further broken down into the tragedies these plays strike the balance of homer s primary focus on character with the comfortable scope of very contained stories and due to the communal aspect of theater they had a far broader audience than all of the written epics but the iliad and odyssey ultimately this disparity in popular engagement explains why many trojan tragic plays survived the next several centuries while the written epics withered away non academic video history makers quintus of smyrna and the fall of troy by overly sarcastic productions a resource i ve used many times over the years a quick check of aristotle s poetics on project gutenberg shows books 24 and 26 bear this out epic poetry differs from tragedy in the scale on which it is constructed and in its metre as regards scale or length we have already laid down an adequate limit the beginning and the end must be capable of being brought within a single view this condition will be satisfied by poems on a smaller scale than the old epics and answering in length to the group of tragedies presented at a single sitting epic poetry has however a great a special capacity for enlarging its dimensions and we can see the reason in tragedy we cannot imitate several lines of actions carried on at one and the same time we must confine ourselves to the action on the stage and the part taken by the players but in epic poetry owing to the narrative form many events simultaneously transacted can be presented and these if relevant to the subject add mass and dignity to the poem the epic has here an advantage and one that conduces to grandeur of effect to diverting the mind of the hearer and relieving the story with varying episodes for sameness of incident soon produces satiety and makes tragedies fail on the stage aristotle poetics book 24 s h butcher translator moreover the art of tragedy attains its end within narrower limits for the concentrated effect is more pleasurable than one which is spread over a long time and so diluted once more the epic imitation has less unity as is shown by this that any epic poem will furnish subjects for several tragedies aristotle poetics book 26 s h butcher translator for instance i also discovered that homer s point of view expressed via the iliad and odyssey wasn t necessarily the only one in antiquity over and over davies remarks how homer removed a great deal of magical and fantastical material omens dreams etc he downplayed the role of women and he cleaned up odysseus to some degree that doesn t necessarily mean he s wrong and the others are right this is mythology not journalism but it does show the ancients had different ideas about their heroes i ve also seen different definitions of what comprises the epic cycle davies book covers ten poems which in some cases overlap the titanomachy war between the titans and olympians the oedipodea the oedipal myths the thebaid the theban wars the epigoni the sons of the theban war the cypria the beginning of the trojan war the iliad would follow here the aethiopis the death of achilles the little iliad the trojan horse iliu persis the sack of troy the nostoi the return home the odyssey would follow here the telegony the death of odysseus some focus on the trojan war limiting this to five or six poems beginning with the cypria it might seem strange to go back farther but as will be seen the early books feed into the trojan war story keep in mind we re dealing with extreme uncertainty here these poems are being recovered from later summaries by proclus in his chrestomathia apollodorus in his epitome and bibliotheca and a few fragments quoted here and there that sounds impressive i have no idea who these people are i did run into a proclus described as the successor to plato s academy back when i was playing around with euclid s elements but it seems this is a different proclus whom davies calls an author of unknown date and origin or what these books are but i have to start somewhere the titanomachy i was surprised to see this included didn t hesiod do this already davies points out differences but i was more interested in the one character i knew something about f6 deals with chiron a particularly humane and wise centaur whose beneficent attitude to mankind is often praised in greek literature the two verses in question clearly emanate from a longer list of kindnesses towards mortals and he brought the race of mortals to a state of justice by revealing to them the use of binding oaths and joyous feasts and to the signs of heaven such culture heroes are conspicuously absent from homer and though chiron is mentioned a handful of times in the iliad that poem keeps quiet about the tradition that he acted as tutor to such heroes as achilles or his father peleus malcolm davies the greek epic cycle ch 2 the titanomachy the golden apples of the hesperides also come into play so even at the beginning of the world when zeus was a young upstart breaking away from dad the seeds of the iliad were being sown the oedipodeia only two fragments of the story of oedipus exist and they seem to contradict the story as we have come to know it via sophocles plays haemon son of creon the king of thebes was killed by the sphinx prior to oedipus arrival and slaying of same thus haemon could not have been engaged to oedipus daughter antigone for the third play in the series the second fragment seems to indicate the gods revealed the incestuous nature of oedipus marriage immediately making four children unlikely but i m finding davies academicese difficult to parse so that could easily be a misread it fits however with the evelyn white edition which proposes the children were by a different woman the thebais oddly i was most interested in the first fragment davies reports of argos sing goddess the thirsty city from which the lords of the expedition against thebes set forth what interests me is not so much the content but the form in spite of having read that these are lost epic poems it wasn t until i read the invocation to the muse that i really understood that sometimes i have to be hit over the head with something to really absorb it i was also interested in davies discussion of the curse oedipus puts on his sons related by two fragments that apparently cite two different reasons first polyneices served him wine in a forbidden goblet which reminded him of his fallen status and second he served an inferior cut of meat it s interesting and quite unfair that polyneices commits the errors but both sons are cursed to continuing struggle between them particularly since polyneices is the son who comes across more sympathetically to me at least in the theban plays in any event the poem is mostly about the battle recounted by aeschylus play seven against thebes which i could swear was a blockbuster movie in my youth but it seems not the epigoni i m completely unfamiliar with this so i ll leave it to davies familiarity with the story of the seven s assault on thebes may have dulled our awareness of just how unusual the framework of the tale is unlike most other accounts of the siege of a city in particular that of the trojan war it deals with failure not success the seven s onslaught is frustrated their army defeated all the leaders bar one destroyed it is hardly surprising therefore that the notion of a second successful and avenging expedition against thebes arose at some time symmetry entailed that the leaders of this expedition be the offspring of those chieftains engaged in the earlier unsuccessful attempt malcolm davies the greek epic cycle ch 5 the epigoni davies uses parallel analysis of the invocations to speculate a phrase about the younger men winning their war though there is no text or summary to support that it seems there s also something about the teumessian fox who can t be caught and cephalus hound who can t be escaped zeus was so annoyed by this he turned both to stone tiresias daughter manto might appear as well but both of these threads if i m reading this correctly might be part of the thebais rather than the epigoni the cypria this epic is a gold mine in that it contains many of the stories perpetuated in drama and for that matter in the homeric epics as well even davies opening of the chapter cheers me more than the others antiquity assigned this poem either to homer or to the cypriot poet stasinus the delightful story that the impoverished homer gave the poem to his son in law stasinus as a substitute for a dowry for his daughter is probably a relatively late anecdote of a familiar kind bringing together contemporary but differently aged practitioners of the same genre and intended to reconcile these alternative attributions why did the epic bear the title cypria the most popular and convincing explanation talks in terms of stasinus place of origin malcolm davies the greek epic cycle ch 6 the cypria the content of the epic has a more important if less amusing start the requirement to supply details of all the multifarious events that occurred before the start of the iliad seems to have resulted in a work even more rambling it amounted to eleven books ramshackle and lacking in cohesion than the average though a rather spurious unity was ingeniously imposed in f 1 once upon a time the countless tribes the broad surface of the deep bosomed earth and zeus seeing this took pity and in his cunning mind he devised a plan to lighten the burden caused by mankind from the face of the all nourishing earth by fanning into flame the great strife that was the trojan war in order to alleviate the earth s burden by means of the death of men so it was that the heroes were killed in battle at troy and the will of zeus was accomplished malcolm davies the greek epic cycle ch 6 the cypria davies points out the nearly identical statement about the will of zeus which appears in the iliad 1 1 5 which seems to be about reducing the earth s population apparently there is speculation that the cypria refers to something larger to what hesiod termed the end of the age of heroes and the beginning of the iron age or our current less impressive civilization in fact one could not ask for a clearer illustration of the difference in ethos between homer and the epic cycle says davies i m not 100 sure what he means by that but it seems to align with homer s dislike of the more fanciful explanations as if zeus thinning the herd isn t fanciful enough zeus plan starts with thetis and carries through to the place well into the trojan war where achilles wins briseis the iliad remember opens with him losing her to agamemnon i won t list all the episodes there are too many and they re too good to skim over i was almost giddy as i read about this don t worry they ll come back into play in my next post when i write about the tragedies i ve investigated i should mention here that i do have another book titled the cypria a self published reconstruction by dm smith i became disillusioned with it when i noticed it included the full text of euripides iphigenia at aulis the coleridge translation in the public domain perfectly legal since that seems to me to be moving beyond reconstruction however it is very readable and perhaps a good starting place for simply enjoying the mythology i can be hard to please davies is too academic smith isn t academic enough the just right version of the epic cycle hasn t yet been published but i ll keep hoping the aethiopis this book starts out with the arrival of an amazon penthesileia who has come to help the trojans davies writes proclus tells us penthesileia enjoyed the traditional epic aristea or display of valour before being killed by achilles on the amusing side it seems thersites the greek warrior achilles already slapped around in the iliad book 2 got all second grader and teased achilles about having a crush on the amazon achilles slaps him around again...
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