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s clientelistic behavior is almost expected as such interactions can become embedded in the formal political structures 19 some types of leaders such as hereditary traditional leaders who remain in power for extended periods of time are more effective in carrying out clientelistic relationships than others such as elected officials 28 research has also shown that politicians can benefit electorally from clientelistic relationships by gaining support from those who receive goods from them but there are also potential costs since clientelistic politicians may lose support from wealthier voters who do not engage in clientelistic relationships themselves and view the practice negatively 29 not all voters view clientelistic behavior as a positive trait in politicians especially voters of higher socioeconomic statuses 29 in short there is no single factor that causes clientelism to take hold consequences edit clientelism has generally negative consequences on democracy and government and has more uncertain consequences on the economy the accountability relationship in a democracy in which voters hold elected officials accountable for their actions is undermined by clientelism that is because clientelism makes votes contingent on gifts to clients rather than the performance of elected officials in office clientelism also degrades democratic institutions such as the secret ballot and administrative oversight such factors both weaken democratic institutions and negatively impact the efficiency of government 5 corruption and the perception of corruption have also been established as strongly correlated with clientelist systems for many reasons one is that patrons often appear above the law in many clientelist systems also some acts in clientelist systems such as vote buying could be inherently illegal finally resources needed for patrons to maintain the clientelist system may require illicit means to obtain goods 30 a 2021 study found that voters in clientelist systems are less willing to punish corrupt politicians electorally 31 some scholars believe that because patrons focus on the control and procurement of private goods they also neglect public goods such as roads and public schools which aid economic development 32 scholars also note that rent seeking and corruption prevalent in clientelist systems could negatively impact the economy as well nevertheless there is still great uncertainty in the economic effects of clientelism 5 relations to corruption and underdevelopment edit it is common to link clientelism with corruption both involve political actors using public and private resources for personal gain but they are not synonymous corruption is commonly defined as dishonest and fraudulent conduct by those in power typically involving bribery 33 while political clientelism is seen as the distribution of benefits targeted to individuals or groups in exchange for electoral support 34 it is common to associate the two together because they moderately overlap 35 there are different forms of corruption that have nothing to do with clientelism such as voter intimidation or ballot stuffing as observed by kawata ja clientelism is considered negative because its intention is to generate private revenue for patrons and clients and as a result obstructs public revenue for members of the general community who are not a part of the patron client arrangement 36 clientelism as a strategy of political organisation is substantially different from other strategies which rely on appeals to wider programmatic objectives or simply emphasize higher degrees of competence it is often assumed that clientelism is a vestige of political underdevelopment a form of corruption and that political modernization will reduce or end it but alternative views stressing the persistence of clientelism and the patronage associated with it have been recognized 7 8 37 see also edit big man political science caciquism politics of the belly corruption earmark politics electoral district cronyism graft identity politics interest group liberalism lobbying minoritarianism money loop patrimonialism neopatrimonialism pay to play political corruption political machine pork barrel political family political dynasty prebendalism regulatory capture rent seeking tammany hall votebank references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stokes susan c dunning thad nazareno marcelo brusco valeria 16 september 2013 brokers voters and clientelism the puzzle of distributive politics cambridge university press isbn 978 1 107 66039 7 pellicer miquel wegner eva bayer markus tischmeyer christian 2021 clientelism from the client s perspective a meta analysis of ethnographic literature perspectives on politics 20 3 931 947 doi 10 1017 s153759272000420x issn 1537 5927 s2cid 234377324 hicken allen aspinall edward weiss meredith l muhtadi burhanuddin 2022 buying brokers electoral handouts beyond clientelism in a weak party state world politics 74 1 77 120 doi 10 1017 s0043887121000216 issn 0043 8871 s2cid 246488907 kramon eric 2017 money for votes the causes and consequences of electoral clientelism in africa cambridge cambridge university press doi 10 1017 9781108149839 isbn 978 1 107 19372 7 1 2 3 4 hicken allen june 2011 clientelism annual review of political science 14 289 310 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 031908 220508 1 2 hicken allen nathan noah l 2020 clientelism s red herrings dead ends and new directions in the study of nonprogrammatic politics annual review of political science 23 277 294 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 050718 032657 1 2 roniger luis briquet jean louis sawicki frederic auyero javier piattoni simona 2004 political clientelism democracy and market economy comparative politics 36 3 353 375 doi 10 2307 4150135 jstor 4150135 1 2 tornquist olle 1999 politics and development a critical introduction sage clapham christopher 1985 third world politics croom helm gruen erich s 1986 patrocinium and clientela in the hellenistic world and the coming of rome university of california press vol 1 pp 162 163 étienne de la boétie 1552 1553 the politics of obedience the discourse of voluntary servitude harry kurz transl new york free life p 40 webref org roniger luis political clientelism democracy and market economy 3rd ed vol 36 new york phd program in political science of the city u of new york 2004 353 375 print kramon eric 2018 money for votes the causes and consequences of electoral clientelism in africa cambridge core doi 10 1017 9781108149839 isbn 978 1 108 14983 9 retrieved 7 november 2019 gans morse jordan mazzuca sebastián nichter simeon 2014 varieties of clientelism machine politics during elections american journal of political science 58 2 415 432 doi 10 1111 ajps 12058 goodin robert e the oxford handbook of political science oxford oxford up 2009 print stokes susan c dunning thad nazareno marcelo brusco valeria september 2013 brokers voters and clientelism the puzzle of distributive politics doi 10 1017 cbo9781107324909 hdl 11086 18791 isbn 978 1 107 32490 9 1 2 mares isabela young lauren 11 may 2016 buying expropriating and stealing votes annual review of political science 19 1 267 288 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 060514 120923 issn 1094 2939 1 2 lindberg staffan i march 2010 what accountability pressures do mps in africa face and how do they respond evidence from ghana the journal of modern african studies 48 1 117 142 doi 10 1017 s0022278x09990243 issn 1469 7777 s2cid 33722499 1 2 3 stokes susan c august 2005 perverse accountability a formal model of machine politics with evidence from argentina american political science review 99 3 315 325 doi 10 1017 s0003055405051683 issn 1537 5943 s2cid 36014179 1 2 nichter simeon february 2008 vote buying or turnout buying machine politics and the secret ballot american political science review 102 1 19 31 doi 10 1017 s0003055408080106 issn 1537 5943 s2cid 54757367 stokes susan c dunning thad nazareno marcelo brusco valeria september 2013 brokers voters and clientelism the puzzle of distributive politics doi 10 1017 cbo9781107324909 hdl 11086 18791 isbn 978 1 107 32490 9 holland alisha c palmer rubin brian 12 april 2015 beyond the machine comparative political studies 48 9 1186 1223 doi 10 1177 0010414015574883 issn 0010 4140 s2cid 156379074 chandra kanchan march 2004 why ethnic parties succeed patronage and ethnic head counts in india cambridge core doi 10 1017 9781108573481 isbn 978 1 108 57348 1 retrieved 6 december 2019 nichter simeon february 2008 vote buying or turnout buying machine politics and the secret ballot american political science review 102 1 19 31 doi 10 1017 s0003055408080106 issn 1537 5943 s2cid 54757367 gottlieb jessica larreguy horacio 2020 an informational theory of electoral targeting in young clientelistic democracies evidence from senegal quarterly journal of political science 15 1 53 104 doi 10 1561 100 00019018 s2cid 214436911 kitschelt herbert september 2000 linkages between citizens and politicians in democratic polities comparative political studies 33 6 7 845 879 doi 10 1177 001041400003300607 issn 0010 4140 s2cid 22282599 baldwin kate 2019 elected mps traditional chiefs and local public goods evidence on the role of leaders in co production from rural zambia comparative political studies 52 12 1925 1956 doi 10 1177 0010414018774372 issn 0010 4140 s2cid 158062055 1 2 weitz shapiro rebecca 2012 what wins votes why some politicians opt out of clientelism pdf american journal of political science 56 3 568 583 doi 10 1111 j 1540 5907 2011 00578 x issn 1540 5907 singer matthew january 2009 buying voters with dirty money the relationship between clientelism and corruption annual meeting of the american political science association meeting via researchgate bøttkjær louise justesen mogens k 2021 why do voters support corrupt politicians experimental evidence from south africa the journal of politics 83 2 788 793 doi 10 1086 710146 hdl 10398 e067108f 0804 42ee ab3c fa08406f1338 issn 0022 3816 s2cid 188767507 stokes susan july 2009 boix carles stokes susan c eds political clientelism vol 1 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199566020 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 956602 0 cite book journal ignored help corruption def 1 oxford dictionary online n d mon 1 november 2014 larreguy horacio a january 2013 monitoring political brokers evidence from clientelistic networks in mexico ssrn 2225027 in italian scambio illecito se il metodo è mafioso diritto e giustizia 13 maggio 2000 jun ichi kawata in japanese 2006 comparing political corruption and clientelism aldershot hampshire england ashgate isbn 978 0 7546 4356 2 graham richard 1997 clientelismo na cultura política brasileira toma lá dá cá braudel center papers no 15 v t e corruption corruption in different fields corporate crime corruption in local government interest group corruption police corruption political corruption measures of corruption corruption perceptions index economics of corruption forms or aspects of corruption general baksheesh black market grey market drug trade bribery collusion commercial bribery conflict of interest corporation dummy shell confidence trick embezzlement extortion fraud graft politics honest services fraud insider trading kickback match fixing media capture money laundering cryptocurrency and crime hawala and crime noble cause corruption professional courtesy scandal slush fund tax haven offshore investment offshore financial centre state clientelism coronelism crony capitalism cronyism elite capture failed state ghost soldiers kleptocracy mafia state narco state nepotism plutocracy political scandal regulatory capture rent seeking rent setting state capture state crime elections ballot stuffing electoral fraud election security gerrymandering unfair vote pairing vote suppression culture blat jeongwan yeu sociolismo institutions dealing with corruption international global financial integrity global witness group of states against corruption international anti corruption academy mo ibrahim foundation transparency international uncac coalition of civil society organisations national oficina anticorrupción argentina australian criminal intelligence commission anti corruption commission bangladesh bangladesh anti corruption and economic malpractice observatory burundi national anti corruption observatory cameroon national supervisory commission central commission for discipline inspection china independent commission against corruption hong kong commission against corruption macau uskok croatia european anti fraud office european union fiji independent commission against corruption central vigilance commission india kpk indonesia national anti corruption authority italy corruption prevention and combating bureau latvia governance and economic management assistance program liberia special investigation service of the republic of lithuania bianco madagascar malaysian anti corruption commission anti corruption commission of myanmar myanmar commission for the investigation of abuse of authority nepal independent corrupt practices commission nigeria national accountability bureau pakistan investigation task force sweep papua new guinea central anticorruption bureau poland anti corruption general directorate romania national anticorruption directorate romania investigative committee of russia russia sierra leone anti corruption commission corrupt practices investigation bureau singapore commission for the prevention of corruption of the republic of slovenia anti corruption and civil rights commission south korea anti corruption prosecutor s office spain national anti corruption bureau of ukraine ukraine specialized anti corruption prosecutor s office ukraine warioba commission tanzania central steering committee for anti corruption vietnam anti corruption laws and enforcement citizen s charter and grievance redressal bill 2011 pending foreign corrupt practices act foreign extortion prevention act freedom of information laws by country the lokpal and lokayuktas act 2013 uk bribery act of 2010 whistleblower protection international instruments and efforts inter american convention against corruption international asset recovery international association of anti corruption authorities oecd anti bribery convention united nations convention against corruption protest movements 2011 azerbaijani protests 2011 indian anti corruption movement 2012 indian anti corruption movement anti austerity movement in spain movement for peace with justice and dignity russian anti corruption campaign yo soy 132 2017 2019 romanian protests 2017 2018 russian protests v t e conflict of interest issues chinese wall conflict of interest in the healthcare industry conflicts of interest on wikipedia dual loyalty funding bias insider trading judicial disqualification media capture nepotism pork barrel regulatory capture self dealing self regulation state capture shill related alltrials arm s length principle bias business ethics cochrane corruption cui bono follow the money legal ethics lobbying ...
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