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oom meeting kennedy had deployed the jupiters in march 1962 causing a stream of angry outbursts from khrushchev most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it kennedy said vice president lyndon johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose it finally kennedy ended the debate we can t very well invade cuba with all its toil and blood kennedy said when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on turkey if that s part of the record then you don t have a very good war 178 kennedy immediately responded to khrushchev s letter issuing a statement calling it an important and constructive contribution to peace 177 he continued this with a formal letter i consider my letter to you of october twenty seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out the us will make a statement in the framework of the security council in reference to cuba as follows it will declare that the united states of america will respect the inviolability of cuban borders its sovereignty that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of cuba and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against cuba either from us territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to cuba 177 179 103 kennedy s planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser arthur schlesinger jr in a memorandum for the president describing the post mortem on cuba 180 on 28 october kennedy participated in telephone conversations with eisenhower 181 and fellow former us president harry truman 182 in these calls kennedy revealed that he thought the crisis would result in the two superpowers being toe to toe 181 in berlin by the end of the following month and expressed concern that the soviet setback in cuba would make things tougher 182 there he also informed his predecessors that he had rejected the public soviet offer to withdraw from cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of us missiles from turkey 181 182 removal of missiles in cuba 11 november 1962 nara 193868 the us continued the blockade of cuba in the following days aerial reconnaissance showed that the soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems the 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight soviet ships on 2 november 1962 kennedy addressed the us via radio and television broadcasts concerning the dismantling of the soviet r 12 missile bases located in the caribbean 183 the ships left cuba on november 5 to 9 the us made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the soviet il 28 bombers and they were loaded on three soviet ships on 5 and 6 december concurrent with the soviet commitment on the il 28s the us government announced the end of the blockade from 6 45 pm est on 20 november 1962 citation needed at the time when the kennedy administration believed that the cuban missile crisis was resolved nuclear tactical rockets remained in cuba which were not part of the kennedy khrushchev understanding and the americans did not know about them the soviets changed their minds fearing possible future cuban militant steps and on 22 november 1962 deputy premier of the soviet union anastas mikoyan told castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well 46 mikoyan with john f kennedy and state department interpreter natalie kushnir at the oval office november 28 1962 the cuban missile crisis was solved in part by a secret agreement between john f kennedy and nikita khrushchev the kennedy khrushchev pact was known to only nine us officials at the time of its creation in october 1962 and was first officially acknowledged at a conference in moscow in january 1989 by soviet ambassador anatoly dobrynin and kennedy s speechwriter theodore sorensen 184 185 186 in his negotiations with dobrynin robert kennedy informally proposed that the jupiter missiles in turkey would be removed 186 within a short time after this crisis was over 187 under an operation code named operation pot pie 188 166 167 168 169 the removal of the jupiters from italy and turkey began on 1 april and was completed by 24 april 1963 the initial plans were to recycle the missiles for use in other programs but nasa and the usaf were not interested in retaining the missile hardware the missile bodies were destroyed on site while warheads guidance packages and launching equipment worth 14 million were returned to the united states 189 190 the dismantling operations were named pot pie i for italy and pot pie ii for turkey by the united states air force 167 169 the outcome of the kennedy khrushchev pact was that the us would remove their rockets from italy and turkey 191 192 and that the soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out gunned by the us clarification needed failed verification because the withdrawal of the jupiter missiles from nato bases in italy and turkey was not made public at the time 186 khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened the perception was that kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that khrushchev had been humiliated both kennedy and khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments khrushchev held power for another two years 179 102 105 as a direct result of the crisis the united states and the soviet union set up a direct line of communication the hotline between the soviet union and the united states was a way for the president and the premier to have negotiations should a crisis like this ever happen again 193 nuclear forces by the time of the crisis in october 1962 the total number of nuclear weapons in the stockpiles of each country numbered approximately 26 400 for the united states and 3 300 for the soviet union for the us around 3 500 with a combined yield of approximately 6 300 megatons would have been used in attacking the soviet union the soviets had considerably less strategic firepower at their disposal some 300 320 bombs and warheads without submarine based weapons in a position to threaten the us mainland and most of their intercontinental delivery systems based on bombers that would have difficulty penetrating north american air defence systems they had already moved 158 warheads to cuba and between 95 and 100 would have been ready for use if the us had invaded cuba most of them short range the us had approximately 4 375 nuclear weapons deployed in europe most of which were tactical weapons such as nuclear artillery with around 450 of them for ballistic missiles cruise missiles and aircraft the soviets had more than 550 similar weapons in europe 194 195 united states sac icbm 182 at peak alert 121 atlas d e f 53 titan 1 8 minuteman 1a bombers 1 595 880 b 47 639 b 52 76 b 58 1 479 bombers and 1 003 refuelling tankers available at peak alert atlantic command 112 ugm 27 polaris in seven ssbns 16 each five submarines with polaris a1 and two with a2 pacific command 4 8 regulus cruise missiles 16 mace cruise missiles three aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs european command irbm 45 jupiter 30 italy 15 turkey 48 90 mace cruise missiles two us sixth fleet aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs soviet union strategic for use against north america icbm 42 four ss 6 r 7a at plesetsk with two in reserve at baikonur 36 ss 7 r 16 with 26 in silos and ten on open launch pads bombers 160 readiness unknown 100 tu 95 bear 60 3m bison b regional mostly targeting europe and others targeting us bases in east asia mrbm 528 ss 4 r 12 492 at soft launch sites and 36 at hard launch sites approximately six to eight r 12s were operational in cuba capable of striking the us mainland at any moment until the crisis was resolved irbm 28 ss 5 r 14 unknown number of tu 16 badger tu 22 blinder and mig 21 aircraft tasked with nuclear strike missions united kingdom bomber command 196 bombers 120 vulcan b 1 b 1a b 2 victor b 1 b 1a b2 valiant b 1 irbm 59 thor missiles operated by the raf with warheads under us supervision aftermath the nuclear armed jupiter intermediate range ballistic missile the us secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from italy and turkey cuban leadership decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by kennedy and khrushchev and cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the soviets castro was especially upset that certain questions of interest to cuba such as the status of the us naval base in guantánamo were not addressed and cuban soviet relations deteriorated 45 278 historian arthur schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn castro was more angry with khrushchev than with kennedy because khrushchev had not consulted him before making the decision note 2 although castro was infuriated by khrushchev he had still planned to strike the us with the remaining missiles if cuba was invaded 45 311 a few weeks after the crisis during an interview with british communist newspaper the daily worker guevara was still fuming over the perceived soviet betrayal and told correspondent sam russell that if the missiles had been under cuban control they would have been launched 197 guevara said later that the cause of socialist liberation from global imperialist aggression would have been worth the possibility of millions of atomic war victims 198 the missile crisis further convinced guevara that the world s two superpowers the united states and the soviet union were using cuba as a pawn in their global strategies and after this he denounced the soviets almost as frequently as he denounced the americans 199 romanian leadership during the crisis gheorghe gheorghiu dej general secretary of romania s communist party sent a letter to president kennedy dissociating romania from soviet actions this convinced the american administration of bucharest s intentions of detaching itself from moscow 200 soviet leadership the realisation that the world had come close to thermonuclear war caused khrushchev to propose a far reaching easing of tensions with the us 201 in a letter to president kennedy dated 30 october 1962 khrushchev suggested initiatives that were intended to prevent the possibility of another nuclear crisis these included a non aggression treaty between the north atlantic treaty organization nato and the warsaw pact or even disbanding these military blocs a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and possibly eliminate all nuclear weapons resolution of the difficult question of germany by both sides accepting the existence of west germany and east germany and us recognition of the government of mainland china the letter invited counter proposals and further exploration of these and other questions through peaceful negotiations khrushchev invited norman cousins the editor of a major us periodical and an anti nuclear weapons activist to serve as liaison with kennedy cousins met with khrushchev for four hours in december 1962 202 kennedy s response to khrushchev s proposals was lukewarm but he told cousins that he felt obliged to consider them because he was under pressure from hardliners in the us national security apparatus the united states and the soviet union subsequently agreed to a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons known as the partial nuclear test ban treaty 203 the us and the ussr also created a communications link the moscow washington hotline to enable the leaders of the two cold war countries to speak directly to each other in any future crisis these compromises embarrassed khrushchev and the soviet union because the withdrawal of us missiles from italy and turkey had remained a secret deal between kennedy and khrushchev khrushchev went to kennedy because he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand but the soviets were seen to be retreating from circumstances that they had started khrushchev s fall from power two years later was partly because of the soviet politburo s embarrassment at his eventual concessions to the us and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place according to dobrynin the top soviet leadership took the cuban outcome as a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation 5 us leadership the worldwide defcon 3 status of us forces was returned to defcon 4 on 20 november 1962 general curtis lemay told kennedy that the resolution of the crisis was the greatest defeat in our history 84 lemay had pressed for an immediate invasion of cuba as soon as the crisis began and he still favored invading cuba even after the soviets had withdrawn their missiles 204 twenty five years later lemay still believed that we could have gotten not only the missiles out of cuba we could have gotten the communists out of cuba at that time 126 by 1962 president kennedy had faced four crisis situations the failure of the bay of pigs invasion 205 settlement negotiations between the pro western government of laos and the pathet lao communist movement kennedy sidestepped laos whose rugged terrain was no battleground for american soldiers 206 265 the construction of the berlin wall and the cuban missile crisis kennedy believed that another failure to gain control and stop communist expansion would irreparably damage us credibility he was determined to draw a line in the sand and prevent a communist victory in vietnam he told james reston of the new york times immediately after his vienna summit meeting with khrushchev now we have a problem making our power credible and vietnam looks like the place 207 208 at least four contingency strikes were armed and launched from florida against cuban airfields and suspected missile sites in 1963 and 1964 although all were diverted to the pinecastle range complex after the planes had passed andros island 209 critics including seymour melman 210 and seymour hersh 211 suggested that the cuban missile crisis had encouraged the united states to use military means as in the later vietnam war similarly lorraine bayard de volo suggested that the masculine brinksmanship of the cuban missile crisis had become a touchstone of toughness by which presidents are measured 212 actions in 1962 had a significant influence on the policy decisions of future occupants of the white house and led to foreign policy decisions such as president lyndon b johnson s escalation of the war in vietnam three years later 213 chinese leadership the peaceful settlement between the soviet union and the united states over the missile crisis infuriated beijing maoist china subsequently condemned khrushchev s cowardly capitulationism to the americans and moscow s sellout of the cuban people khrushchev in respo...
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