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Text of the page (random words):
eral what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikinews wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from sky diving descent using a parachute especially as an air sport skydiver and skydive redirect here for other uses see skydiver disambiguation and skydive disambiguation parachuting a skydiver with an open canopy highest governing body fédération aéronautique internationale characteristics contact no mixed sex yes type air sports presence country or region worldwide olympic no world games 1997 2022 parachuting is the descent of a person through the atmosphere using a parachute in sport parachuting a jumper normally exits an aircraft passes through a period of free fall deploys a steerable canopy flies it to a landing area and lands skydiving is commonly used as a synonym for sport parachuting although it can more narrowly refer to controlling the body during freefall before the canopy is deployed 1 2 parachuting is used for recreation and competition military deployment emergency escape and access to remote areas international competition and record activity is administered by the skydiving commission of the fédération aéronautique internationale fai 3 history edit further information parachute history a nineteenth century illustration of garnerin s 1797 parachute descent at parc monceau on 22 october 1797 french balloonist andré jacques garnerin made the first well documented parachute descent from a balloon over paris his silk canopy opened after he separated a basket from the balloon at about 3 000 ft 910 m 4 early parachute descents were mainly public demonstrations or emergency experiments after the development of a manually operated ripcord leslie irvin made an intentional freefall jump from an aeroplane on 28 april 1919 5 sport parachuting expanded after the second world war the first world parachuting championships were held at bled in 1951 initially centred on landing accuracy and the fai began recognising parachuting records and championships during the same period 1 6 uses edit sport parachuting includes recreational jumps training and internationally regulated competition military forces use parachutes to deliver personnel and supplies specialised units also use controllable ram air canopies for high altitude freefall insertion 7 forest service smokejumpers parachute to remote wildfires and receive tools food and water by air drop 8 parachutes have also been used for emergency escape from balloons and aircraft particularly during the development of military aviation 1 sport parachuting by contrast is a planned aircraft operation jump sequence edit a group of skydivers entering freefall after leaving an aircraft a sport jump begins with exit from the aircraft immediately after exit the relative wind comes from the direction of aircraft travel and shifts as the jumper s trajectory becomes more nearly vertical body position is used to manage this transition while altitude awareness remains essential throughout freefall 9 freefall is the interval between exit and parachute deployment 2 in a stable belly to earth position a skydiver reaches a terminal velocity of about 200 km h 120 mph head down and more streamlined body positions produce higher speeds 10 body position is used to maintain stability and control orientation during freefall 9 on formation jumps participants break off at a planned altitude and track away to create horizontal separation before deploying their parachutes 11 deployment from the pilot chute to full canopy inflation deployment is normally initiated by a pilot chute a small parachute used to initiate or accelerate deployment of the main parachute 2 parachute opening can be divided into three stages activation deployment when the parachute leaves its container and inflation when the canopy fills with air 9 modern sport parachutes are generally ram air canopies air entering openings at the front inflates an upper and lower surface into a gliding airfoil 2 a skydiver flaring the canopy immediately before touchdown after opening the jumper checks that the canopy is fully inflated stable and steerable and confirms that it can be flared for landing 9 steering toggle inputs change the canopy s heading and speed pulling one toggle initiates a turn while pulling both down slows forward motion and descent wind affects the canopy s track and speed over the ground producing slower progress into the wind faster progress downwind and sideways drift during crosswind flight 9 canopy flight is commonly organised around a holding area and a planned landing pattern while the jumper monitors altitude position and other canopy traffic 9 the pattern is a deliberate approach commonly divided into downwind base and final legs that positions the canopy for a straight final descent toward a clear area 9 if the intended landing area cannot be reached an alternate open area may be selected 9 during final approach pulling both steering toggles down flares the canopy decreasing its forward speed and rate of descent before touchdown 9 when a stand up landing is not possible a parachute landing fall can reduce injury risk by distributing the impact across several points of the body 9 training edit a technoavia sm92 finist based at the hibaldstow skydiving centre in england training combines ground instruction with supervised jumps subjects normally include equipment aircraft procedures exit position altitude awareness parachute deployment emergency procedures canopy control landing patterns and landing technique training systems differ among countries and national organisations 12 13 in the united states the united states parachute association uspa presents tandem accelerated freefall instructor assisted deployment and static line training within its student programme british skydiving uses static line and accelerated freefall routes for students progressing toward independent jumping 12 13 tandem edit a tandem skydive in freefall over latvia in a tandem jump a student is attached by a separate harness to an instructor and both use one tandem parachute system the instructor controls the exit freefall deployment canopy flight and landing united states regulations require the parachutist in command to meet experience licensing and system specific training requirements and require an operational automatic activation device on the tandem system 14 static line progression edit in static line training a line attached to the aircraft initiates deployment as the student exits the student gradually progresses to self deployment the deployment delay is then increased until the student reaches terminal velocity early jumps therefore place emphasis on aircraft exit canopy checks steering landing patterns and emergency procedures 12 13 instructor assisted deployment edit instructor assisted deployment follows a progression similar to static line training but an instructor in the aircraft deploys the student s pilot chute as the student exits later jumps introduce independent deployment and longer freefall 12 accelerated freefall aff edit in accelerated freefall a student exits with one or more instructors who initially hold the student s harness during freefall the method introduces freefall body control from the first training jumps and progresses toward independent exit altitude awareness deployment and canopy flight 12 13 wind tunnels and simulators edit vertical wind tunnels can be used to practise body flight without a parachute jump indoor skydiving has also developed into a separate competitive sport with formation artistic and dynamic events 15 equipment edit a modern sport system consists of a harness and container holding a main parachute and an approved reserve parachute it may also include an automatic activation device aad which initiates reserve deployment when preset conditions are detected other common equipment includes an altimeter helmet and goggles 2 9 equipment regulation varies by jurisdiction in the united states civil sport jumpers using a single person system must have a main canopy an approved reserve canopy and an approved harness container system reserve parachutes must be packed by a certificated rigger within the applicable interval and any installed aad must be maintained according to its manufacturer s instructions 16 u s tandem systems must contain an operational aad and the parachutist in command must meet experience licensing and system specific training requirements 14 safety edit parachuting involves risk during aircraft operations freefall deployment canopy flight and landing a 2023 systematic review covering more than 62 million civilian jumps reported an average injury rate of 0 044 and an average fatality rate of 0 0011 lower extremity and lumbar spine injuries were the most common and injuries occurred most often during landing 17 national statistics are not directly interchangeable because participation reporting and regulation differ uspa estimated that its members made 3 47 million jumps in the united states in 2025 with 16 civilian fatalities or 0 46 deaths per 100 000 jumps its member survey also estimated 4 777 reserve uses about one per 726 jumps and found that 5 6 of respondents reported an injury requiring medical treatment 18 training equipment standards and operational rules are intended to reduce risk but they do not eliminate it landing judgement and canopy control remain recurring safety concerns 17 18 disciplines and competition edit international parachuting and skydiving competitions include events performed in freefall under an open canopy and in vertical wind tunnels 3 15 national associations also recognise training and recreational techniques that are not separate fai championship disciplines skydiving appeared in the air sports programme of the world games from 1997 through 2022 canopy piloting was included from 2005 through 2022 while other skydiving events appeared between 1997 and 2009 19 canopy formation edit a canopy formation during a 2001 record jump over rio de janeiro in canopy formation jumpers intentionally fly open parachutes close together and take grips on other canopies or suspension lines the activity was formerly known as canopy relative work or crw pronounced kro͞o basic formations include stacks and planes in which one jumper docks feet on another canopy s suspension lines or risers 20 21 fai competition events include 4 way rotations 4 way sequential and 2 way sequential teams repeat prescribed formations during a working period while a videographer records the jump for judging 20 because participants fly in contact with one another s canopies and lines training includes docking breakoff and emergency procedures entanglements and collapsed canopies are principal hazards and specialised equipment commonly includes protective clothing and a hook knife 21 formation skydiving edit main articles formation skydiving and big ways polish skydivers during a 100 way formation attempt in 2015 formation skydiving is the intentional manoeuvring of two or more skydivers near one another in freefall to build formations participants approach a designated base take grips and move through planned formations while maintaining a common fall rate and level formations may be flown belly to earth or vertically with participants head down or feet down the discipline was traditionally called relative work or group freefall 22 11 in fai competition a team normally consists of four or eight performers and a videographer each round uses a sequence drawn from an international pool of random formations and blocks teams repeat the sequence within a set working time receiving one point for each correctly completed formation judging is based on the videographer s recording 22 large formations often called big ways may involve dozens or hundreds of participants and are also flown as national or world record attempts under fai record rules 3 skydivers rehearse an aircraft exit and planned formation on the ground beside a dc 3 in 1977 before a formation jump teams often rehearse the aircraft exit formation shapes grips and movement order on the ground a practice known as a dirt dive 23 training commonly begins with small groups and develops stable exits body position approach docking transition breakoff and separation skills group planning is important because a failed or funnelled formation can bring jumpers into collision and participants must create horizontal separation before deployment 11 freeflying edit four skydivers in a head down freefly formation freeflying uses a wider range of body orientations than traditional belly to earth skydiving it includes back flying sit flying standing and head down positions as well as transitions between them these orientations can produce high fall rates and rapid changes in relative speed so group freeflying requires attention to levels separation breakoff and altitude awareness 24 beginners generally develop control first in back flying and head up positions before attempting sustained head down flight group progression normally begins with a coach and small formations developing controlled approaches docking transitions and separation equipment must be secured against premature deployment while the jumper changes orientation at high speed 24 freeflying is also part of fai artistic competition freefly teams consist of two performers and a camera flyer compulsory and free routines are judged from the camera flyer s footage for technical execution and presentation the format uses movement around all three axes of the body unlike traditional flat formation skydiving 25 skysurfing edit main article skysurfing in skysurfing a board is attached to the skydiver s feet for freefall manoeuvres uspa treats it within its freeflying guidance and recommends a board release system that can be operated with either hand 24 skysurfing was formerly an fai artistic competition event but was retired from that programme in 2009 25 angle flying edit skydivers in an angle freefall formation angle flying is a movement jump technique in which skydivers follow a diagonal flight path rather than falling straight down body orientation can be belly to earth or back to earth and group participants aim to maintain a common direction level and separation 26 27 28 29 tracking is another movement technique in which a skydiver uses a streamlined body position to generate horizontal movement uspa groups angle flying and tracking as movement jumps rather than separate competition categories 26 wingsuit flying edit main article wingsuit flying a recreational wingsuit rodeo over latvia wingsuit flying uses a specialised suit with fabric surfaces between the arms and legs the added surface area reduces vertical speed and increases horizonta...
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