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take more interest in the welfare of progressive judaism abroad and embark upon a reform jewish marshall plan it should assist the progressive jewish communities abroad morally and financially 17 weiler made aliyah to israel in 1958 his departure came as a surprise although he was deeply upset by the schism with cape town he is credited with having grown the movement considerably with 25 congregations established during his tenure 4 there were at one point progressive congregations in smaller urban centres of the country including bloemfontein springs klerksdorp and germiston 7 as in other diaspora communities there have been tensions between the progressive and orthodox movements of the country rabbi israel abrahams spiritual leader of the orthodox gardens shul in cape town was opposed to the arrival of reform judaism in cape town with temple israel having opened in 1944 18 he arranged a series of meetings on the perils of the reform tradition and upon his appointment as chief rabbi in the cape in 1951 attempted to prohibit his rabbis cantors and hebrew teachers from meeting with rabbis and other representatives of the reform movement 18 he also attempted to prevent the movement from hiring communal halls 18 rabbi phillip rosenberg the first spiritual leader of the orthodox marais road shul in sea point distanced himself from orthodoxy in a letter to lily montagu and welcomed the arrival of a reform congregation in the cape rosenberg later served both orthodox and reform congregations in south africa dr herman kramer a long time marais road president later became president of cape town s first reform congregation temple israel 18 in 1962 marais road allowed the board of deputies to host a lecture by visiting rabbi solomon freehof president of the central conference of american rabbis and the world union for progressive judaism at their large jewish communal hall weizmann hall 19 in 1965 a concordat was signed in johannesburg between the orthodox chief rabbi bernard m casper and chief minister of the united progressive jewish congregations rabbi arthur saul super they agreed that from the religious point of view there is an unbridgeable gulf between orthodoxy and reform hellig 1987 7 super said that this was the conclusion he arrived at after a thorough examination of the halachic situation and the halachic principles involved 7 the agreement was welcomed by the jewish establishment in the country with the south african jewish board of deputies describing it as a very sensible and practical agreement 7 however within progressive jewish circles it was regarded as a capitulation to orthodoxy 7 super was only representing johannesburg s progressive congregations in the agreement his counterpart in cape town rabbi david sherman was opposed to the position taken by super stating that it amounted to allowing ourselves to be read out of the community of klal yisrael 7 progressive judaism peaked in the 1970s in terms of numbers resources and self confidence 7 it accounted for around 15 of the jewish population 7 subsequent years became more challenging as the soweto uprising prompted white emigration and sanctions impacted on overseas funding 7 the movement also faced competition as an orthodox jewish revival began to take hold in johannesburg in the 1970s 7 progressive leaders have argued that the non observant orthodox population observe less than their progressive counterparts and that they would be more comfortable in the progressive movement hellig 1987 a contentious issue between both movements has been over burial rights in jewish cemeteries 7 over time accommodations and compromises has been reached in the case of durban and east london the progressive communities formed their own chevra kadisha 7 in other cases a separate section of an existing jewish cemetery was set aside where burials could take place under a progressive auspices 7 on 6 august 1983 a limpet mine exploded outside temple israel four hours before state president marais viljoen was scheduled to attend a ceremony marking the congregation s 50th anniversary there were no injuries and the celebration went ahead with viljoen in attendance mahommed iqbal shaik of the dolphin unit of umkhonto we sizwe mk later assumed responsibility during the truth and reconciliation commission hearings and he was granted amnesty 20 21 the saupj took the strongest stand of any of the jewish movements in the country against apartheid it opposed disinvestment while women in the movement engaged in social work as a form of protest this includes the moses weiler school in alexandra where for generations the school has been funded and led by women from the progressive movement even in opposition to the bantu education act 1953 feld 2014 the mitzvah school on the site of beit david in sandton during the late 1980s was another example of successful outreach 7 progressive rabbis were also more likely than their orthodox counterparts to publicly oppose the apartheid policies of the national party government 7 although their respective congregations were usually more cautious than their leaders 7 in 1986 the beit emanuel rabbi norman mendel reiterated this telling an audience that progressive jewry in the country were leading the jewish struggle against the indefensible immoral and evil policies of apartheid he said that progressive jews are opposing apartheid against a backdrop of jewish discrimination from the orthodox community there is day to day diminishment in the reform movement in south africa reform are considered a second class jewish community he added 22 in 1993 there were divisions when mendel s successor at beit emanuel rabbi ady asabi declared both the beit emanuel and imanu shalom congregations as independent and masorti synagogues breaking with the saupj and progressive judaism 23 a court case ensued to retain both of the congregations under the saupj beit emanuel returned to the saupj following an agreement and shalom became independent and masorti dubb and shain 1995 in the 1990s and 2000s the movement appeared to be facing an impending crisis 7 in two surveys undertaken by the kaplan centre for jewish studies at the university of cape town only 7 of respondents identified as progressive 7 however recent years have seen a revival with 12 of south african jewry identifying as progressive in a 2020 study by the kaplan centre and the institute for jewish policy research 7 5 the study showed that there was higher progressive representation in coastal cities such as cape town 18 and durban 25 as opposed to johannesburg 7 7 5 the reversal in fortunes has been attributed to the efforts of a younger generation of progressive rabbis bringing renewed energy to their congregations 7 the community has also seen growth through conversion to judaism as 500 progressive conversions took place between 2002 2018 7 references edit 1 2 november 2019 saupj accessed on 6 december 2019 1 2 johannesburg culture community reform judaism accessed on 6 december 2019 south africa s oldest reform synagogue is a place where few jews dare venture haaretz 19 june 2019 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 rabbi weiler and the founding of the reform movement in sa progressive jews south africa august 2019 1 2 3 4 the jews of south africa in 2019 jpr kaplan retrieved on 15 03 21 romain jonathan 2004 reform judaism and modernity a reader scm press respectively for each sentence pp 145 128 xviii 222 195 9 see also romain jonathan reform judaism religions bbc website 13 august 2009 retrieved 6 december 2015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 a compelling new history of progressive judaism in south africa jewish affairs 15 december 2020 admissions united herzlia schools accessed on 7 december 2019 introduction akiva school accessed on 7 december 2019 south african jews in london caplan a s kaplan centre for jewish studies august 2010 congregations saupj retrieved on 6 december 2019 beit luria joburg s newest progressive congregation sajr 1 august 2019 rabbi greg alexander daily maverick accessed on 7 december 2019 temple israel turns 70 temple israel accessed on 7 december 2019 1 2 a history of reform judaism in sa saupj accessed on 6 december 2019 madonsela to speak at temple israel milestone sajr 22 june 2016 judaism of israel declared pattern rabbi weiler asks american jews to give brethren abroad a reform marshall plan the new york times 5 march 1950 1 2 3 4 1930s part 2 university of cape town retrieved on 22 october 2023 the synagogue expands university of cape town retrieved on 22 october 2023 bomb explodes at johannesburg synagogue south african history online accessed on 7 december 2019 synagogue in johannesburg is damaged by an explosion the new york times 7 august 1983 south africa s reform jews leading jewish struggle against apartheid jewish telegraphic agency 6 january 1986 rabbi ady assabi the independent 26 june 2003 bibliography edit dubb allie a shain milton 1995 south africa in adler cyrus ed american jewish year book volume 95 the american jewish committee pp 360 369 isbn 0 87495 108 9 feld marjorie n 2013 nations divided american jews and the struggle over apartheid palgrave macmillan p 191 isbn 978 1 137 02972 0 hellig jocelyn july 1987 the religious expression of south african jewry religion in southern africa 8 2 3 17 hellig jocelyn 2009 german jewish immigration to south africa during the 1930s revisiting the charter of the ss stuttgart jewish culture and history 11 1 2 134 138 doi 10 1080 1462169x 2009 10512119 s2cid 159925386 kaplan dana evan 2000 chapter 17 reform judaism in neusner jacob ed the blackwell companion to judaism blackwell pp 291 311 isbn 9781577180586 shain milton february 2011 jewish cultures identities and contingencies reflections from the south african experience european review of history 18 1 89 100 doi 10 1080 13507486 2011 543584 s2cid 159671669 stier oren baruch spring summer 2004 south africa s jewish complex jewish social studies 10 3 123 142 doi 10 2979 jss 2004 10 3 123 external links edit saupj official website v t e greater johannesburg natural environment highveld geology kaapvaal craton transvaal supergroup transvaal basin witwatersrand supergroup witwatersrand basin banket topography witwatersrand observatory ridge magaliesberg partially vredefort impact structure partially rivers and wetlands vaal orange basin blesbokspruit klip river wonderfonteinspruit limpopo basin braamfontein spruit crocodile river hennops river jukskei river wilge river climate 2016 flooding 2018 2021 drought cradle of humankind taung child mrs ples little foot rising star expedition underground astronauts fossil sites bolt s farm cooper s cave drimolen gladysvale haasgat kromdraai malapa minnaar s cave motsetsi plovers lake rising star cave sterkfontein swartkrans wonder cave biodiversity highveld grasslands ecoregion montane grasslands and shrublands biome afrotropical realm biogeographic 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willaway willowild witkoppen witpoort...
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