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may 1539 suleiman i decided to attack limassol because the venetians had been sheltering pirates who continuously attacked ottoman ships limassol stayed under ottoman control until a peace treaty was signed in 1540 cyprus continued to be a haven for pirates who interrupted the safe passage of ottoman trade ships and muslim pilgrims sailing to mecca and medina 32 by 1569 pirates captured the ottoman defterdar treasurer of egypt and selim ii decided to safeguard the sea route from constantinople to alexandria by conquering the island and clearing the eastern mediterranean of all enemies in 1570 71 31 ottoman cyprus edit further information sürgün a miniature painting depicting the landing of ottoman soldiers at limassol castle during the ottoman conquest of cyprus 1570 71 the ottoman turks built büyük han in 1572 today it has become a thriving center of turkish cypriot culture the bekir pasha aqueduct was built by the ottoman governor ebubekir pasha in 1747 it is considered to be the most prominent water supply ever built in cyprus the basis for the emergence of a sizeable and enduring turkish community in cyprus emerged when ottoman troops landed on the island in mid may 1570 and seized it within a year from venetian rule 33 the post conquest period established a significant muslim community which consisted of soldiers from the campaign who remained behind and further settlers who were brought from anatolia as part of a traditional ottoman population policy 34 broken footnote there were also new converts to islam on the island during the early years of ottoman rule 24 in addition to documented settlement of anatolian peasants and craftsmen as well as the arrival of soldiers decrees were also issued banishing anatolian tribes undesirable persons and members of various troublesome muslim sects principally those officially classified as heretical 35 this influx of mainly muslim settlers to cyprus continued intermittently until the end of the ottoman period 25 some turkish cypriots are descendants of crypto christians a phenomenon that was not uncommon in the ottoman empire given its multi faith character in cyprus many latins and maronites as well as greeks converted to islam at different points during ottoman rule for a number of reasons ranging from collectively avoiding heavy taxation to ending an individual woman unhappy marriage 36 their artificial embrace of islam and their secret maintaining of christianity led this group of crypto christians to be known in greek as linobambaki or the cotton linen sect as they changed religion to curry favour with ottoman officials during the day but practiced catholicism at night 37 in 1636 the conditions for the christians became intolerable and certain christians decided to become muslims according to palmieri 1905 the maronites who became muslims lived mainly in the nicosia district and despite the fact that the maronites turned to muslims they never gave up their christian faith and beliefs hoping to become christians this is why they baptized their children according to the christian faith but they also practiced circumcision they also gave their children two names a muslim and a christian one 38 many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as turkish cypriot estates were formerly linobambaki activity centers these include 39 agios andronikos yeşilköy agios ioannis ayyanni agios sozomenos arpalık agios theodoros boğaziçi armenochori esenköy ayios iakovos altınova ayios khariton ergenekon dali dali frodisia yağmuralan galinoporni kaleburnu kato arodes aşağı kalkanlı tylliria dillirga kornokipos görneç kritou marottou grit marut limnitis yeşilırmak louroujina akincilar melounta mallıdağ platani çınarlı potamia bodamya vretsia vretça by the second quarter of the nineteenth century approximately 30 000 muslims were living in cyprus comprising about 35 of the total population the fact that turkish was the main language spoken by the muslims of the island is a significant indicator that the majority of them were either turkish speaking anatolians or otherwise from a turkic background 40 throughout the ottoman rule the demographic ratio between christian greeks and muslim turks fluctuated constantly 41 during 1745 1814 the muslim turkish cypriots constituted the majority on the island compared to the christian greek cypriots being up to 75 of the total island population a however by 1841 turks made up 27 of the island s population 45 one of the reasons for this decline is because the turkish community were obliged to serve in the ottoman army for years usually away from home very often losing their lives in the endless wars of the ottoman empire 46 another reason for the declining population was because of the emigration trend of some 15 000 turkish cypriots to anatolia in 1878 when the ottoman turks handed over the administration of the island to britain 47 48 british cyprus edit a cypriot woman in traditional turkish fashion 1878 by 1878 during the congress of berlin under the terms of the anglo ottoman cyprus convention the ottoman turks had agreed to assign cyprus to britain to occupy and rule though not to possess as sovereign territory 49 according to the first british census of cyprus in 1881 95 of the island s muslims spoke turkish as their mother tongue 50 as of the 1920s the percentage of greek speaking muslims had dropped from 5 in 1881 to just under 2 of the total muslim population 51 during the opening years of the twentieth century ottomanism became an ever more popular identity held by the cypriot muslim intelligentsia especially in the wake of the young turk revolution of 1908 increasing numbers of young turks who had turned against sultan abdul hamid ii sought refuge in cyprus a rising class of disgruntled intellectuals in the island s main urban centres gradually began to warm to the ideas of positivism freedom and modernization 52 spurred on by the rising calls for enosis the union with greece emanating from greek cypriots an initially hesitant turkism was also starting to appear in certain newspaper articles and to be heard in the political debates of the local intelligentsia of cyprus 53 in line with the changes introduced in the ottoman empire after 1908 the curricula of cyprus s muslim schools such as the idadi were also altered to incorporate more secular teachings with increasingly turkish nationalist undertones many of these graduates in due course ended up as teachers in the growing number of urban and rural schools that had begun to proliferate across the island by the 1920s 54 mehmet remzi okan with his wife and children in 1919 during the turkish war of independence the family were turkish cypriots who owned the newspaper söz gazetesi in 1914 the ottoman empire joined the first world war against the allied forces and britain annexed the island cyprus s muslim inhabitants were officially asked to choose between adopting either british nationality or retaining their ottoman subject status about 4 000 8 500 muslims decided to leave the island and move to turkey 55 56 following its defeat in world war i the ottoman empire were faced with the greco turkish war 1919 1922 whereby the greek incursion into anatolia aimed at claiming what greece believed to be historically greek territory 57 for the ottoman turks of cyprus already fearing the aims of enosis seeking greek cypriots reports of atrocities committed by the greeks against the turkish populations in anatolia and the greek occupation of smyrna produced further fears for their own future greek forces were routed in 1922 under the leadership of mustafa kemal atatürk who in 1923 proclaimed the new republic of turkey and renounced irredentist claims to former ottoman territories beyond the anatolian heartland muslims in cyprus were thus excluded from the nation building project though many still heeded atatürk s call to join in the establishment of the new nation state and opted for turkish citizenship between 1881 and 1927 approximately 30 000 turkish cypriots emigrated to turkey 58 47 the 1920s was to prove a critical decade in terms of stricter ethno religious compartments hence muslim cypriots who remained on the island gradually embraced the ideology of turkish nationalism due to the impact of the kemalist revolution 59 at its core were the kemalist values of secularism modernization and westernization reforms such as the introduction of the new turkish alphabet adoption of western dress and secularization were adopted voluntarily by muslim turkish cypriots who had been prepared for such changes not just by the tanzimat but also by several decades of british rule 60 many of those cypriots who until then had still identified themselves primarily as muslims began now to see themselves principally as turks in cyprus 61 by 1950 a cypriot enosis referendum in which 95 7 of greek cypriot voters supported a fight aimed at enosis the union of cyprus with greece 62 were led by an armed organisation in 1955 called eoka by georgios grivas which aimed at bringing down british rule and uniting the island of cyprus with greece turkish cypriots had always reacted immediately against the objective of enosis thus the 1950s saw many turkish cypriots who were forced to flee from their homes 63 in 1958 turkish cypriots set up their own armed group called turkish resistance organisation tmt and by early 1958 the first wave of armed conflict between the two communities began a few hundred turkish cypriots left their villages and quarters in the mixed towns and never returned 64 republic of cyprus edit an old turkish cypriot mahalle quarter in paphos 1969 by 16 august 1960 the island of cyprus became an independent state the republic of cyprus with power sharing between the two communities under the 1960 zurich agreements with britain greece and turkey as guarantor powers archbishop makarios iii was elected as president by the greek cypriots and dr fazıl küçük was elected as vice president by the turkish cypriots however in december 1963 in the events known as bloody christmas 65 when makarios iii attempted to modify the constitution greek cypriots initiated a military campaign against the turkish cypriots and began to attack turkish inhabited villages by early 1964 the turkish cypriots started to withdraw into armed enclaves where the greek cypriots blockaded them resulting in some 25 000 turkish cypriots becoming refugees or internally displaced persons 66 64 this resulted in the un peacekeeping force unficyp being stationed on the island as well as an external migration trend of thousands more turkish cypriots to the united kingdom turkey north america and australia 67 with the rise to power of the greek military junta a decade later in 1974 a group of right wing greek nationalists eoka b who supported the union of cyprus with greece launched a putsch 68 this action precipitated the turkish invasion of cyprus 69 which led to the capture of the present day territory of northern cyprus the following month after a ceasefire collapsed the turkish invasion resulted in the occupation of some 37 of the island in the north 66 during the invasion of the island a number of atrocities against the turkish cypriot community were committed such as the maratha santalaris and aloda massacre by the greek cypriot paramilitary organisation eoka b after the turkish invasion and the ensuing 1975 vienna agreements 60 000 turkish cypriots who lived in the south of the island fled to the north 70 the 1974 1975 movement was strictly organised by the provisional turkish administration who tried to preserve village communities intact 64 turkish republic of northern cyprus edit the northern areas of the island of cyprus administered by turkish cypriots in 1983 the turkish cypriots declared their own state in the north the turkish republic of northern cyprus which remains internationally unrecognised except by turkey 71 in 2004 a referendum for the unification of the island the annan plan was accepted by 65 of turkish cypriots but rejected by 76 of greek cypriots 72 the majority of turks born after 1975 in northern cyprus are the mixed descendants of native turkish cypriots and mainland turkish settlers 73 74 culture edit see also culture of northern cyprus the turkish cypriots are turkish speaking regard themselves as secular muslims and take pride in their ottoman heritage 75 however turkish cypriots differentiate themselves from mainlanders especially from the religiously conservative settlers who have come to cyprus more recently but their strong connection to turkey is nonetheless undisputed 76 hence the turkish cypriot identity is based on their ethnic turkish roots and links to mainland turkey but also to their cypriot character with cultural and linguistic similarities with greek cypriots 77 their culture is heavily based on family ties linked to parents siblings and relatives one s neighbourhood is also considered important as emphasis is given on helping those in need 78 thus much of their lives revolves around social activities and food is a central feature of gatherings turkish cypriot folk dances music and art are also integral parts of their culture 78 religion edit the hala sultan tekke was built by the ottomans in the 18th century according to a 2020 survey the majority of turkish cypriots about 70 are religious with most of those about 98 7 identifying as sunni muslims about 30 of the total population does not identify with any religion 21 religious practices are considered a matter of individual choice and many do not actively practice their religion 21 79 alcohol is frequently consumed within the community and most turkish cypriot women do not cover their heads 80 turkish cypriot males are generally circumcised at a young age in accordance with religious beliefs although this practice appears more related to custom and tradition than to powerful religious motivation 81 the social religious phenomenon of crypto christianity was observed in cyprus as in other parts of the ottoman empire the crypto christians of cyprus were known as linobambaki of linen and cotton they are mentioned by foreign travellers as turks who are secretly greeks observing the greek orthodox fasting turner 1815 drinking wine eating pork and often taking christian wives 82 language edit main articles cypriot turkish and languages of cyprus the turkish language was introduced to cyprus with the ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant prestigious language of the administration 83 in the post ottoman period cypriot turkish was relatively isolated from standard turkish and had strong influences by the cypriot greek dialect the condition of coexistence with the greek cypriots led to a certain bilingualism whereby turkish cypriots knowledge of greek was important in areas where the two communities lived and worked together 84 according to prof c f beckingham 1957 in cyprus religious and linguistic divisions do not always coincide the...
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