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Text of the page (random words):
esia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 lombard lietuvių latviešu nederlands norsk bokmål polski piemontèis پښتو português русский sardu simple english slovenčina slovenščina svenska тоҷикӣ türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia deprecated technical standard for data access over a cellular network not to be confused with wireless access point for other uses of wap see wap disambiguation this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article contains weasel words vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information such statements should be clarified or removed april 2026 learn how and when to remove this message this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources wireless application protocol news newspapers books scholar jstor april 2026 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message wireless application protocol abbreviation wap status obsolete year started 1997 1997 1 first published 30 april 1998 1998 04 30 2 latest version 2 0 18 january 2002 24 years ago 2002 01 18 3 organization wap forum now part of open mobile alliance series wap specification suite base standards tcp ip http 1 1 tls xhtml css syncml 4 5 related standards wireless application environment wae wml wmlscript wsp wtp wdp wtls wbmp xhtml mobile profile uaprof wtai wap push wbxml wireless control message protocol wcmp mms 3 6 2 successor mobile web domain mobile wireless internet services website www openmobilealliance org specifications affiliates wap forum travel news content shown on the wap browser on a nokia 3650 wireless application protocol wap is an obsolete technical standard for accessing information over a mobile cellular network introduced in 1999 7 wap allowed users with compatible mobile devices to browse content such as news weather and sports scores provided by mobile network operators specially designed for the limited capabilities of a mobile device 8 the japanese i mode system offered a competing wireless data standard before the introduction of wap mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services but needed interactivity to support internet and web applications although hyped at launch wap suffered from criticism however the introduction of gprs networks offering a faster speed led to an improvement in the wap experience 9 10 wap content was accessed using a wap browser which is like a standard web browser but designed for reading pages specific for wap instead of html by the 2010s it had been largely superseded by more modern standards such as xhtml 11 modern phones have proper web browsers so they do not need wap markup for compatibility and therefore most are no longer able to render and display pages written in wml wap s markup language 12 technical specifications edit osi model by layer 7 application layer nntp sip ssi dns ftp gopher http http 3 nfs ntp smpp ssh smtp snmp telnet dhcp netconf more 6 presentation layer mime xdr asn 1 ascii tls pgp more 5 session layer named pipe netbios sap pptp rtp socks x 225 13 more 4 transport layer tcp udp sctp dccp quic spx more 3 network layer ip ipv4 ipv6 icmp icmpv6 ipsec igmp ipx is is appletalk x 25 plp more 2 data link layer atm arp sdlc hdlc cslip slip gfp plip ieee 802 llc mac l2tp frame relay itu t g hn dll ppp x 25 lapb q 922 lapf more 1 physical layer rs 232 rs 449 itu t v series i 430 i 431 pdh sonet sdh pon otn dsl ieee 802 ieee 1394 itu t g hn phy usb bluetooth x 21 more v t e wap stack edit the wap standard described a protocol suite or stack 14 allowing the interoperability of wap equipment and software with different network technologies such as gsm and is 95 also known as cdma wireless application environment wae wap protocol suite wireless session protocol wsp wireless transaction protocol wtp wireless transport layer security wtls wireless datagram protocol wdp any wireless data network the bottom most protocol in the suite the wireless datagram protocol wdp functions as an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like udp to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16 bit port numbers origin and destination all the upper layers view wdp as one and the same protocol which has several technical realizations on top of other data bearers such as sms ussd etc on native ip bearers such as gprs umts packet radio service or ppp on top of a circuit switched data connection wdp is in fact exactly udp wireless transport layer security wtls an optional layer provides a public key cryptography based security mechanism similar to the internet s transport layer security tls protocol whether or not wtls is implemented depends on the required level of security for a given wap application and this layer provides data integrity privacy authentication and denial of service protection features 15 wtp provides transaction support adapted to the wireless world it provides for transmitting messages reliably similarly to tcp however wtp is more effective than tcp when packets are lost a common occurrence with 2g wireless technologies in most radio conditions wtp does not misinterpret the packet loss as network congestion unlike tcp wap sites are written in wml a markup language 16 wap provides content in the form of decks which have several cards decks are similar to html web pages as they are the unit of data transmission used by wap and each have their own unique url and cards are elements such as text or buttons which can be seen by a user 17 wap has urls which can be typed into an address bar which is similar to urls in http relative urls in wap are used for navigating within a deck and absolute urls in wap are used for navigating between decks 16 wap was designed to operate in bandwidth constrained networks by using data compression before transmitting data to users 18 this protocol suite allows a terminal to transmit requests that have an http or https equivalent to a wap gateway the gateway translates requests into plain http wap decks are delivered through a proxy which checks decks for wml syntax correctness and consistency which improves the user experience in resource constrained mobile phones 11 wap cannot guarantee how content will appear on a screen because wap elements are treated as hints to accommodate the capabilities of each mobile device for example some mobile phones do not support graphics images or italics 17 the wireless application environment wae space defines application specific markup languages for wap version 1 x the primary language of the wae is wireless markup language wml in wap 2 0 the primary markup language is xhtml mobile profile wap push edit wap push process wap push was incorporated into the specification to allow the wap content to be pushed to the mobile handset with minimal user intervention a wap push is basically a specially encoded message which includes a link to a wap address 19 wap push was specified on top of wireless datagram protocol wdp as such it can be delivered over any wdp supported bearer such as gprs or sms 20 most gsm networks have a wide range of modified processors but gprs activation from the network is not generally supported so wap push messages have to be delivered on top of the sms bearer on receiving a wap push a wap 1 2 or later enabled handset will automatically give the user the option to access the wap content this is also known as wap push si service indication 20 a variant known as wap push sl service loading directly opens the browser to display the wap content without user interaction since this behaviour raises security concerns some handsets handle wap push sl messages in the same way as si by providing user interaction the network entity that processes wap pushes and delivers them over an ip or sms bearer is known as a push proxy gateway ppg 20 wap 2 0 edit a re engineered 2 0 version was released in 2002 it uses a cut down version of xhtml with end to end http dropping the gateway and custom protocol suite used to communicate with it a wap gateway can be used in conjunction with wap 2 0 however in this scenario it is used as a standard proxy server the wap gateway s role would then shift from one of translation to adding additional information to each request this would be configured by the operator and could include telephone numbers location billing information and handset information mobile devices process xhtml mobile profile xhtml mp the markup language defined in wap 2 0 it is a subset of xhtml and a superset of xhtml basic a version of cascading style sheets css called wap css is supported by xhtml mp mms edit main article multimedia messaging service multimedia messaging service mms is a combination of wap and sms allowing for sending of picture messages history edit wap forum wireless application protocol forum limited merged into open mobile alliance formation 1998 dissolved 2002 legal status defunct website wapforum org at the wayback machine archived 2000 07 06 the wap forum was founded in 1998 by ericsson motorola nokia and unwired planet 21 it aimed primarily to bring together the various wireless technologies in a standardised protocol 22 in 2002 the wap forum was consolidated along with multiple other forums of the industry into open mobile alliance oma 23 europe edit the first company to launch a wap site was dutch mobile phone operator telfort bv in october 1999 the site was developed as a side project by christopher bee and euan mcleod and launched with the debut of the nokia 7110 marketers hyped wap at the time of its introduction 24 leading users to expect wap to have the performance of fixed non mobile internet access bt cellnet one of the uk telecoms ran an advertising campaign depicting a cartoon wap user surfing through a neuromancer like information space 25 in terms of speed ease of use appearance and interoperability the reality fell far short of expectations when the first handsets became available in 1999 26 27 this led to the wide usage of sardonic phrases such as worthless application protocol 28 wait and pay 29 and waplash 30 between 2003 and 2004 wap made a stronger resurgence with the introduction of wireless services such as vodafone live t mobile t zones and other easily accessible services operator revenues were generated by transfer of gprs and umts data which is a different business model than used by the traditional web sites and isps according to the mobile data association wap traffic in the uk doubled from 2003 to 2004 31 by the year 2013 wap use had largely disappeared most major companies and websites have since retired from the use of wap and it has not been a mainstream technology for web on mobile for a number of years most modern handset web browsers now support full html css and most of javascript and do not need to use any kind of wap markup for webpage compatibility the list of handsets supporting html is extensive and includes all android handsets all versions of the iphone handset all blackberry devices all devices running windows phone and multiple nokia handsets asia edit wap saw major success in japan while the largest operator ntt docomo did not use wap in favor of its in house system i mode rival operators kddi au and softbank mobile previously vodafone japan both successfully deployed wap technology in particular au s chakuuta or chakumovie ringtone song or ringtone movie services were based on wap like in europe wap and i mode usage declined in the 2010s as html capable smartphones became popular in japan united states edit adoption of wap in the us suffered because a number of cell phone providers required separate activation and additional fees for data support and also because telecommunications companies sought to limit data access to only approved data providers operating under license of the signal carrier citation needed in recognition of the problem the us federal communications commission fcc issued an order on 31 july 2007 which mandated that licensees of the 22 megahertz wide upper 700 mhz c block spectrum would have to implement a wireless platform which allows customers device manufacturers third party application developers and others to use any device or application of their choice when operating on this particular licensed network band 32 33 criticism edit commentators criticized several shortcomings of wireless markup language wml and wap however others argued who that given the technological limitations of its time it succeeded in its goal of providing simple and custom designed content at a time when most people globally did not have regular internet access technical criticisms included isolation from the rest of the web and from non carrier services edit the idiosyncratic wml language cut users off from the conventional html web leaving only native wap content and web to wap proxi content available to wap users many wireless carriers sold their wap services as open in that they allowed users to reach any service expressed in wml and published on the internet however they also made sure that the first page that clients accessed was their own wireless portal which they controlled closely 34 some carriers also turned off editing or accessing the address bar in the device s browser to facilitate users wanting to go off deck an address bar on a form on a page linked off the hard coded home page was provided it makes it easier for carriers to implement filtering of off deck wml sites by urls or to disable the address bar in the future if the carrier decides to switch all users to a walled garden model given the difficulty in typing up fully qualified urls on a phone keyboard most users would give up going off portal or out of the walled garden by not letting third parties put their own entries on the operators wireless portal some who contend that operators cut themselves off from a valuable opportunity on the other hand some operators which argue that their customers would have wanted them to manage the experience and on such a constrained device avoid giving access to too many services citation needed under specification of terminal requirements the early wap standards included multiple optional features and under specified requirements which meant that compliant devices would not necessarily interoperate properly this resulted in great variability 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