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ion their subjects and terms parent children subordination owner property initiator follower subject other subjects dedicated to it or named after it subject its duplicate imitation depiction or symbol etc etc modification original modified or modified original avoid cyclic structure renamed rebuilt repurposed or transformed subjects major categories the top most categories the ones contained directly in commonsroot divide the category structure by the purpose of the contained categories category topics this category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the topic all media files should be categorized under this category for the sake of allowing others to find them by topic topical categories shouldn t be included through templates category copyright statuses this category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the license all media files should be categorized under this category with the appropriate license tag this type of category is added by including it in the templates category media by source this category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the source where they come from books collections sites etc this type of category is generally added by template category media types this category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the media type please note that this type of categorization is sometimes omitted for images since the vast majority of files on the commons are images of some sort category commons this category is the global common root of categorizing commons maintenance tasks and pages commons and help except for media files the translated pages in each language should be categorized under their language categories using the category commons iso language code style the structure of category commons en is the sample hierarchy for every other language sub category do not use two colons in category or page names see this discussion and help namespaces there is a sub category category commons maintenance content which is for the special maintenance of wikimedia commons global common contents and which does not get translated all media files should be categorized under the first 4 categories below but only files having problems and needing to be fixed should also be in the sub category category commons maintenance content category user categories this is for categories that contain commons users galleries images and texts sorted by things like the language they speak this also contains the category user galleries which is for user specific i e non topic galleries that don t need to be in english language how to use categories you should always put your uploads into categories and or gallery pages according to topic so your contributions can be found and used by others it is rarely necessary to create a new category there are exceptions such as uploading a new text and see people below before doing so make sure you are familiar with the existing category structure and with the customs and policies of the commons please see if there exists a category scheme or a commons project for your topic and follow the conventions described there category names category names should generally be in english see commons language policy however there are exceptions such as some proper names biological taxa names for which the non english name is most commonly used in the english language or there is no evidence of usage of an english language version latin alphabets are used in original form including diacritics and derived letters non latin alphabets are transcribed to the english latin script basic english characters iso iec 646 are preferred over national variants or extension character sets for instance straight apostrophes over curly where reasonable types or groups of objects or people should generally have names in plural form category tools category artists category lakes category paintings category sculptures category popes etc and in english if possible general themes or activities require a name in singular form usually category history category weather category music category painting category nature category papacy etc and in english if possible a particular individual object a specific person building monument artwork organization event etc generally uses a singular form but not always proper nouns which do not have an established english variant are not translated ad hoc but use the original form categories grouping subcategories by name should generally be named by name rather than by alphabet e g category ships by name we still lack internationalization for category names but this issue should be resolved with appropriate changes to the mediawiki software see t31928 show translated titles per user language in categories too creating intermingled category structures in different languages would only make things worse for a general discussion of mediawiki s category feature see the manual page on categories categorizing pages hotcat can be used to add a category or multiple to a page without having to edit the wikitext it features autocomplete and automatically resolves redirects to add a page be it an image a gallery page or a category page to a category add the following code to the end of the page category category name for example if you are uploading a diagram showing the orbit of comets you could add the following to the image description page category orbits of comets this will make the diagram show up in the category orbits of comets which is located underneath category astronomical diagrams for information on how to find good categories for your uploads and galleries read the section find an appropriate category below creating a new category to create a new category do a thorough search to be sure there isn t an existing category that will serve the purpose find images or a gallery or other pages which should be put in the new category edit this page and at the end insert the new category reference e g category title save the edited page the new category appears as a red link at the bottom of the page click on that red link the new empty category page appears for editing you can now edit the category like any other wiki page a category page should contain the following information in order of importance category links that put it into one or more parent categories at the bottom of the new page insert lines of the form category relevant categories a short description text that explains what should be in the category if the title is not clear or unambiguous enough on its own descriptions in particular languages can be tagged e g with the template ab for description in abkhazian en for description in english etc as listed in commons language templates or using the multilingual description template to show only the description in the user s preferred language if there is one interwiki or interlanguage links to the article or category with the same topic in wikipedia by adding the appropriate sitelinks on the corresponding wikidata page after creating the category page click add links under in wikipedia on the bottom of the sidebar to the left to add them see also how to categorize guidance by topic for guidance on specific classes of category e g categories about people sorting categories if a category should be sorted according to a different string than the category title there are two ways defining a sortkey sort string for all parent categories defaultsort sortkey category parent category a category parent category b this will sort the category into all parent categories under the specified sortkey for instance the title of a category about a person would not be the right sort string for such categories insert just before the categories a line with the correct sort string like defaultsort lastname firstname defining a sortkey only for one of the parent categories category parent category a sortkey category parent category b this will also override any maybe defined defaultsort for parent category a the default sort order on commons is 0 9 a a z z _ é é here the symbol should simply indicate a space as sortkey which is always sorted first the two most commonly used sort keys on commons are space and after this and are also often used the sortkey is used to sort templates at the end of the related commons category see for example category transport templates sorted in category transport the special sortkey setcat is used to sort image sets at the end of the related category see e g category icosahedron with colored vertices sorted in category icosahedron see also meta help sorting sort modes for more information renaming or moving categories please see commons rename a category for more appropriate categorization pages including category pages are categorized according to their subject and not to their contents because the contents are generally not a permanent feature of the category page in particular you can momentarily find inappropriate contents in a category page example assume that category spheres contains only pictures of crystal balls you must not add category glass in the category page according to the current contents because you can have spheres made with a great variety of materials normally any picture showing a glass object would be already categorized in category glass or in a category of its substructure so if the category spheres is really crowded with crystal balls pictures it would be a better idea to create a new category page like category glass spheres or category crystal balls categorized in category spheres and category glass generally files should only be in the most specific category that exists for certain topic for example files in category looking up the center of the eiffel tower should not also be in category paris see over categorization below if you do not find a category that fits your purpose you can create it but carefully read the section about using categories first this does not mean that an image only belongs in one category it just means that images should not be in redundant or non specific categories for instance an image of a polar bear being rescued from an iceberg by a helicopter should be in category ursus maritimus category icebergs and category rescue helicopters it should not however be in category ursidae category sea ice or category aircraft categorization tips the categories you choose for your uploads should answer as many as possible of the following questions what whom what or whom does the file show what is the main subject what are the noteworthy features of the image for instance category automobiles category felis silvestris catus or category jimmy wales where where was the image taken what is the location of the subject what is the location of the camera this is especially important for pictures of places e g category basin street new orleans also use location when when did the depicted events happen or when was the image created when was the image taken this is especially important for historical images an example would be category warsaw in september 1939 category april 2010 in northern ireland who who if anyone is depicted please add one or more subcategories from category people who is the author this is especially important for works of well known artists and for historical images for example category paintings by rembrandt or category photographs by annie leibovitz you can also use the pages from the creator namespace as templates to achieve this how how does the file or the image do that specifically what view what type of view does the image show e g category plan views category panoramas what color which is the general color e g category yellow animals what photography technique if the image uses a specific technique or effect apply the corresponding category e g category tone mapped hdr images category black and white photographs category double exposure the above questions cover the main aspects of the image to be categorized for some images it makes sense to use all for other images only one or two are reasonable in addition there are several other aspects of the images that can be used to categorize the image what source information about where the image came from for example category images from the german federal archive what format information about the media type if it is unusual for example category audio or category animated gif category svg what software information about software used to create the image for example category created with hugin what camera information about the camera for example category taken with nikon d80 this last set is useful and important but should always be done in addition of the main set of criteria categorization in wikimedia commons is more detailed and deep than categorization in wikipedia projects compared to them commons has more categories for individual subjects places people organizations events terms etc almost every article on a wikipedia can have a corresponding category on commons however even if there exist more images of an ordinary person or incidental event it is practical to group them into a special category and categorize that category instead of categorizing all similar images individually to an identical set of parent categories find an appropriate category to find appropriate categories for your uploads you should navigate the category structure starting from a generic category narrow your search down to subcategories until you find the most specific category ies that fit s the file you uploaded you can navigate the category structure by following links to subcategories or expanding the tree of subcategories by clicking on the little symbols on subcategory names the major categories section above provides a starting point and the how to categorize guidance by topic covers some more topics over categorization for the inclusion criteria the equivalent of w wp overcat see commons category inclusion criteria don t place an item into a category and its parent for example a black and white photo of the eiffel tower should be placed in black and white photographs of the eiffel tower it should not be placed in both that category and the paris category at the same time shortcuts com overcat com diffuse over categorization is placing a file category or other page in several levels of the same branch in the category tree the general rule is always place an image in the most specific categories and not in the levels above those exceptions to this rule are explained in the section below example an image needing to be categorized shows a yellow circle this image should be placed in category yellow circles if it is also placed in category circles it is over categorized we already know that it s a circle because all yellow circles are circles therefore category circles is redundant template uw overcat can be used to advise users of this this applies to most files as 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