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fueling and customs but fedex and ups frequently use anchorage to sort trans pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs 19 passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the fedex and ups hubs are often regarded as scissor hubs as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and after a passenger transit period repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane 20 in past air india operated a scissor hub at london s heathrow airport where passengers from delhi ahmedabad and mumbai could continue onto a flight to newark 21 until its grounding jet airways operated a similar scissor hub at amsterdam airport schiphol to transport passengers from bangalore mumbai and delhi to toronto pearson and vice versa at the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at brussels prior to the 2016 shift to schiphol flights operated from mumbai delhi and chennai and continued onward to toronto new york and newark after a near simultaneous stopover in brussels and vice versa 22 an international scissor hub could be used for third and fourth freedom flights or it could be used for fifth freedom flights for which a precursor is a bilateral treaty between two country pairs westjet used to utilize st john s as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from ottawa toronto and orlando and outbound to dublin and london gatwick qantas similarly used to utilize los angeles international airport as a scissor hub for flights inbound from melbourne brisbane or sydney where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to new york jfk focus city edit the focus cities of jetblue are boston fort lauderdale los angeles new york jfk orlando and san juan 23 in the airline industry a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates limited point to point routes 24 a focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers 25 26 although the term focus city is used mainly to refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point to point routes its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small scale hub as well 27 for example even though jetblue s operations at new york jfk resemble that of a hub the airline still refers to it as a focus city 9 fortress hub edit a fortress hub is an airport where a single airline dominates the market making it challenging for competitors to establish a foothold 28 this term is commonly used in the united states where the airlines with the largest fortress hubs are delta air lines at hartsfield jackson atlanta international airport american airlines at dallas fort worth international airport and united airlines at newark liberty international airport most national flag carriers maintain a similarly dominant presence at their countries primary international airport benefiting from historical advantages and market influence examples include aegean airlines in athens aeroflot at moscow sheremetyevo aeromexico in mexico city air canada at toronto pearson air france at paris charles de gaulle austrian airlines at vienna international airport avianca at bogotá el dorado british airways at london heathrow cathay pacific in hong kong china airlines at taipei taoyuan copa airlines in panama city el al in ben gurion airport emirates in dubai etihad airways in abu dhabi ethiopian airlines in addis ababa finnair in helsinki iberia in madrid icelandair in keflavik iran air at tehran imam khomeini ita airways in rome japan airlines at tokyo haneda korean air at seoul incheon klm in amsterdam lot in warsaw lufthansa in frankfurt malaysia airlines at kuala lumpur international qantas in sydney qatar airways in doha singapore airlines in singapore south african airways in johannesburg swiss international air lines in zurich tap air portugal in lisbon turkish airlines in istanbul primary and secondary hubs edit a primary hub is the main hub for an airline however as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations it may elect to open secondary hubs examples of such hubs are air canada s hubs at montréal trudeau and vancouver british airways hub at london gatwick air india s hub at mumbai korean air s hub at busan and lufthansa s hub at munich by operating multiple hubs airlines can expand their geographic reach 29 they can also better serve spoke spoke markets providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs 1 cargo airlines like fedex express and ups airlines also operate secondary hubs to an extent but these are primarily used to serve regional high demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel an example of this would be fedex transiting a package through oakland international airport when shipping packages between destinations near seattle and phoenix arizona instead of sending deliveries through the memphis superhub 19 reliever hub edit a given hub s capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub a reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline it can bypass the congested hub it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub and it can schedule new o d city pairs for connecting traffic one of the most recognized examples of this model is delta air lines and american airlines uses of laguardia airport as a domestic hub in new york city due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at john f kennedy international airport many regional flights operate out of laguardia while most international and long haul domestic flights remain at jfk lufthansa operates a similar model of business with its hubs at frankfurt airport and munich airport generally speaking a marginal majority of the airline s long haul flights are based out of frankfurt while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of munich moonlight hub edit in past history carriers have maintained niche time of day operations at hubs the most notable was america west s use of las vegas as a primary night flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers see also edit hidden city ticketing list of former airline hubs list of hub airports point to point transit transport hub notes edit colloquially an airline hub may be defined as an airport that receives many passengers or as an airport that serves as the operating base of an airline whether or not the airline allows for connecting traffic 1 the federal aviation administration of the united states defines a hub in terms of passenger enplanements specifically a hub is an airport that handles 0 05 or more of the nation s annual passenger boardings 1 2 alaska airlines 11 4 13 references edit 1 2 3 holloway stephen 2008 straight and level practical airline economics 3rd ed ashgate publishing pp 376 378 isbn 9780754672562 archived from the original on 8 may 2018 airport categories federal aviation administration 3 march 2016 archived from the original on 28 may 2016 retrieved 30 may 2016 1 2 3 4 cook gerald goodwin jeremy 2008 airline networks a comparison of hub and spoke and point to point systems journal of aviation aerospace education research 17 2 embry riddle aeronautical university 52 54 archived from the original on 23 september 2015 retrieved 28 may 2016 1 2 3 4 airline deregulation and hub and spoke networks the geography of transport systems hofstra university archived from the original on 5 april 2016 retrieved 28 may 2016 schmidt william 14 november 1985 deregulation challenges atlanta airline hub the new york times archived from the original on 24 may 2015 retrieved 28 may 2016 1 2 3 lawrence harry 2004 aviation and the role of government kendall hunt pp 227 228 isbn 9780757509445 archived from the original 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springs archived from the original on 26 may 2016 retrieved 26 may 2016 mutzabaugh ben 3 march 2006 united adds a hublet in san antonio usa today mclean gannett archived from the original on 26 may 2016 retrieved 26 may 2016 mammarella james 2014 airport hubs in garrett mark ed encyclopedia of transportation social science and policy sage publications isbn 9781452267791 archived from the original on 8 may 2018 rose mark seely bruce barrett paul 2006 the best transportation system in the world railroads trucks airlines and american public policy in the twentieth century columbus ohio ohio state university p 233 isbn 9780812221169 archived from the original on 8 may 2018 thompson david perkins stephen van dender kurt zupan jeffrey forsyth peter yamaguchi katsuhiro niemeier hans martin burghouwt guillaume 2014 expanding airport capacity in large urban areas itf round tables oecd publishing pp 151 152 doi 10 1787 2074336x isbn 9789282107393 archived from the original on 8 may 2018 retrieved 29 may 2016 v t e commercial aviation airlines airline codes airline holding companies cargo airline charter airlines flag carriers low cost airlines non scheduled airline passenger airlines regional airlines alliances oneworld skyteam star alliance value alliance vanilla alliance u fly alliance trade groups international aco atag iata iatan ifalpa istat united states a4a raa europe a4e asd eca ebaa era etwf other regions aaco aapa afraa raaa aircrew pilot in command captain first officer second officer third officer relief crew flight attendant flight engineer loadmaster aircraft pilot purser dead mileage airliner travel class first class first class travel business class premium economy class economy class basic economy class aircraft cabin aircraft lavatory aircraft seat map airline meal airline seat buy on board crew rest compartment in flight entertainment inflight smoking galley sickness bag airport aerodrome airline hub airport check in airport lounge airport rail link airport terminal airside pass airstair boarding domestic airport gate international airport jet bridge low cost carrier terminal runway transit hotel customs immigration arrival card border control internal departure card passport timatic travel document travel visa electronic environmental effects hypermobility environmental effects of aviation law air transport agreement air route authority between the united states and china bermuda agreement uk us 1946 1978 bermuda ii agreement uk us 1978 2008 cross strait charter beijing convention cape town treaty chicago convention convention on the marking of plastic explosives european common aviation area flight permit freedoms of the air eu us open skies agreement hague hijacking convention hague protocol montreal convention paris convention of 1919 rome convention sabotage convention tokyo convention warsaw convention intergovernmental organizations icao ecac eurocontrol easa encasia baggage bag tag baggage allowance baggage carousel baggage cart baggage reclaim baggage handler baggage handling system baggage sizer checked baggage hand luggage lost luggage worldtracer luggage lock aviation safety air rage air traffic control air traffic service aircraft safety card airport authority airport crash tender airport police airport security airspace class area control center brace position civil aviation authority control area control zone controlled airspace evacuation slide flight information region flight information service flight recorder instrument flight rules overwing exits pre flight safety demonstration sky marshal special use airspace us special visual flight rules terminal control area terminal control center uncontrolled airspace upper information region visual flight rules airline tickets airline booking ploys airline reservations system airline ticket airline timetable bereavement flight boarding pass codeshare agreement continent pass electronic ticket fare basis code flight cancellation and delay frequent flyer program government contract...
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