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n general and amateur extra 44 examinations are administered by accredited volunteer examiners through the fcc s volunteer examiner coordinator system higher licence classes provide access to more frequency bands and higher transmitter power the tests cover regulations operating practices electronics theory equipment design and safety morse code is no longer tested licences are valid for ten years and the national question pools are published in advance and updated every four years 44 licensing requirements edit prospective amateur radio operators are examined on understanding of the key concepts of electronics radio equipment antennas radio propagation rf safety and the radio regulations of the government granting the license 1 these examinations are sets of questions typically posed in either a short answer or multiple choice format examinations can be administered by bureaucrats non paid certified examiners or previously licensed amateur radio operators 1 the ease with which an individual can acquire an amateur radio license varies from country to country in some countries examinations may be offered only once or twice a year in the national capital and can be inordinately bureaucratic for example in india or challenging because some amateurs must undergo difficult security approval as in iran currently only yemen and north korea do not issue amateur radio licenses to their citizens 45 46 some developing countries especially those in africa asia and latin america require the payment of annual license fees that can be prohibitively expensive for most of their citizens a few small countries may not have a national licensing process and may instead require prospective amateur radio operators to take the licensing examinations of a foreign country in countries with the largest numbers of amateur radio licensees such as japan the united states thailand canada and most of the countries in europe there are frequent license examinations opportunities in major cities granting a separate license to a club or organization generally requires that an individual with a current and valid amateur radio license who is in good standing with the telecommunications authority assumes responsibility for any operations conducted under the club license or club call sign 47 a few countries may issue special licenses to novices or beginners that do not assign the individual a call sign but instead require the newly licensed individual to operate from stations licensed to a club or organization for a period of time before a higher class of license can be acquired 1 reciprocal licensing edit further information amateur radio international operation map of amateur radio reciprocal licensing agreements cept members iarp members cept and iarp usa canada treaty cept and iarp a reciprocal licensing agreement between two countries allows licensed amateur radio operators from one country to operate stations in the other without obtaining a new licence in some cases visiting operators may be issued a temporary local licence and call sign requirements vary by jurisdiction some countries have bilateral or multilateral agreements that harmonise conditions while others have no reciprocal arrangements regional organisations such as the organization of american states facilitate reciprocity through treaties including the inter american amateur radio service convention 48 newcomers edit many people start their involvement in amateur radio on social media or by finding a local club clubs often provide information about licensing local operating practices and technical advice newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials sometimes with the help of a mentor teacher or friend in north america established amateurs who help newcomers are often referred to as elmers as coined by rodney newkirk w9brd 49 within the ham community 50 51 in addition many countries have national amateur radio societies which encourage newcomers and work with government communications regulation authorities for the benefit of all radio amateurs the oldest of these societies is the wireless institute of australia formed in 1910 other notable societies are the radio society of great britain the american radio relay league radio amateurs of canada bangladesh ngos network for radio and communication the new zealand association of radio transmitters and south african radio league see category amateur radio organizations call signs edit further information amateur radio call signs an amateur radio operator uses a call sign on the air to legally identify the operator or station 52 in some countries the call sign assigned to the station must always be used whereas in other countries the call sign of either the operator or the station may be used 53 in certain jurisdictions an operator may also select a vanity call sign although these must also conform to the issuing government s allocation and structure used for amateur radio call signs 54 some jurisdictions require a fee to obtain a vanity call sign in others such as the uk a fee is not required and the vanity call sign may be selected when the license is applied for the fcc in the u s discontinued its fee for vanity call sign applications in september 2015 but reinstated it at 35 in 2022 55 call sign structure as prescribed by the itu consists of three parts which break down as follows using the call sign zs1nat as an example zs the first part may be one or two letters or a single digit followed by a single letter it shows the country from which the call sign originates and may also indicate the license class this call sign is licensed in south africa 1 the second part is always a single digit that appears as the second or third character and always follows a letter it normally gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part this one refers to the western cape nat the third part is a set of one two or three letters that immediately follows the digit in the second part the digit in the second or third character it uniquely identifies the holder of the license in the examples below the third part is represented by xxx the combination of the three parts identifies the specific transmitting station and the station s identification its call sign is determined by the license held by its operator in the case of commercial stations and amateur club stations the operator is a corporation in the case of amateur radio operators the license holder is a resident of the country identified by the first part of the call sign many countries do not follow the itu convention for the second part digit in the united kingdom the original calls g0 xxx g2 xxx g3 xxx g4 xxx were full a license holders along with the last m0 xxx full call signs issued by the city guilds examination authority in december 2003 additional full licenses were originally granted to b licenses with g1 xxx g6 xxx g7 xxx g8 xxx and 1991 onward with m1 xxx call signs the newer three level intermediate license holders are assigned 2e0 xxx and 2e1 xxx and the basic foundation license holders are granted call signs m3 xxx m6 xxx or m7 xxx 56 instead of using numbers in the u k the second letter after the initial g or m identifies the station s location for example a call sign g7ooe becomes gm7ooe and m0rdm becomes mm0rdm when the license holder is operating their station in scotland prefix gm mm are scotland gw mw are wales gi mi are northern ireland gd md are the isle of man gj mj are jersey and gu mu are guernsey intermediate licence call signs are slightly different they begin 2 z 0 and 2 z 1 where the z is replaced with one of the country letters as above for example 2m0 and 2m1 are scotland 2w0 and 2w1 are wales and so on the exception however is for england whose letter would be e however letter e is used but only in intermediate level call signs and perplexingly never by the advanced licenses for example 2e0 2e1 are used whereas the call signs beginning g or m for foundation and full licenses never use the e 57 in the united states for non vanity licenses the numeral indicates the geographical district the holder resided in when the license was first issued prior to 1978 us hams were required to obtain a new call sign if they moved out of their geographic district in canada call signs start with va ve vy vo and cy call signs starting with v end with a number after to indicate the political region whereas the prefix cy indicates geographic islands prefixes va1 and ve1 are used for nova scotia va2 ve2 for quebec va3 ve3 for ontario va4 ve4 for manitoba va5 ve5 for saskatchewan va6 ve6 for alberta va7 ve7 for british columbia ve8 for the northwest territories ve9 for new brunswick vy0 for nunavut vy1 for the yukon vy2 for prince edward island vo1 for newfoundland and vo2 for labrador cy is for amateurs operating from sable island cy0 or st paul island cy9 special permission is required to visit either of these from parks canada for sable and coast guard for st paul the last two or three letters of the call signs are typically the operator s choice upon completing the licensing test the ham writes three most preferred options two letter call sign suffixes require a ham to have already been licensed for 5 years call signs in canada can be requested with a fee also for smaller geopolitical entities the digit at the second or third character might be part of the country identification for example vp2 xxx is in the british west indies which is subdivided into vp2e xx anguilla vp2m xx montserrat and vp2v xx british virgin islands vp5 xxx is in the turks and caicos islands vp6 xxx is on pitcairn island vp8 xxx is in the falklands and vp9 xxx is in bermuda online callbooks or call sign databases can be browsed or searched to find out who holds a specific call sign 58 an example of an online callbook is qrz com various partial lists of famous people who hold or held amateur radio call signs have been compiled and published 59 many jurisdictions but not in the u k nor europe may issue specialty vehicle registration plates to licensed amateur radio operators 60 61 the fees for application and renewal are usually less than the standard rate for specialty plates 60 62 privileges edit in most administrations unlike other rf spectrum users radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment 63 a 64 b licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels and can operate medium to high powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies 65 so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth power and prevention of spurious emission radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the rf spectrum usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local regional or worldwide path the shortwave bands or hf are suitable for worldwide communication and the vhf and uhf bands normally provide local or regional communication while the microwave bands have enough space or bandwidth for amateur television transmissions and high speed computer networks the international symbol for amateur radio is included in the logos of many iaru member societies the diamond holds a circuit diagram featuring components common to every radio an antenna inductor and ground in most countries an amateur radio license grants permission to the license holder to own modify and operate equipment that is not certified by a governmental regulatory agency this encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with home constructed or modified equipment the use of such equipment must still satisfy national and international standards on spurious emissions amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication 66 this is to minimise interference or electromagnetic compatibility emc to any other device although allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards they are sufficient to enable global communication lower license classes usually have lower power limits for example the lowest license class in the uk foundation licence has a limit of 25 w 67 power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country for example the peak envelope power limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are 2 25 kw in canada 68 1 5 kw in the united states 1 0 kw in belgium luxembourg switzerland south africa the united kingdom and new zealand 750 w in germany 500 w in italy 400 w in australia and india and 150 w in oman output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission in australia for example 400 w may be used for ssb transmissions but fm and other modes are limited to 120 w the point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions the united kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 w to overcome signal loss in the cable conversely the u s and germany measure power at the output of the final amplification stage which results in a loss in radiated power with longer cable feeds 69 certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a notice of variation that allows higher power to be used than normally allowed for certain specific purposes e g in the uk some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using 33 dbw 2 0 kw for experiments entailing using the moon as a passive radio reflector known as earth moon earth communication eme band plans and frequency allocations edit main article amateur radio frequency allocations the international telecommunication union itu governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide with participation of each nation s communications regulation authority national communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these band plan frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference in some countries specific emission types are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum and in most other countries international amateur radio union iaru member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum in a few cases a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands in trinidad and tobago hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148 800 mhz this repeater is used and maintained by the national emergency management agency nema but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills this repeater can also be ...
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