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0 less energy and emit 45 less greenhouse gasses than an internal combustion vehicle 114 in 2015 toyota introduced its first fuel cell vehicle the mirai at a price of 57 000 115 hyundai introduced the limited production hyundai ix35 fcev under a lease agreement 116 in 2016 honda started leasing the honda clarity fuel cell 117 in 2018 hyundai introduced the hyundai nexo replacing the hyundai ix35 fcev in 2020 toyota introduced the second generation of its mirai brand improving fuel efficiency and expanding range compared to the original sedan 2014 model 118 in 2024 mirai owners filed a class action lawsuit against toyota in california over the lack of availability of hydrogen for fuel cell electric cars alleging among other things fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation as well as violations of california s false advertising law and breaches of implied warranty 119 the same year hyundai recalled all 1 600 nexo vehicles sold in the us to that time due to a risk of fuel leaks and fire from a faulty pressure relief device 120 criticism edit some commentators believe that hydrogen fuel cell cars will never become economically competitive with other technologies 121 122 123 or that it will take decades for them to become profitable 80 124 elon musk ceo of battery electric vehicle maker tesla motors stated in 2015 that fuel cells for use in cars will never be commercially viable because of the inefficiency of producing transporting and storing hydrogen and the flammability of the gas among other reasons 125 in 2012 lux research inc issued a report that stated the dream of a hydrogen economy is no nearer it concluded that capital cost will limit adoption to a mere 5 9 gw by 2030 providing a nearly insurmountable barrier to adoption except in niche applications the analysis concluded that by 2030 pem stationary market will reach 1 billion while the vehicle market including forklifts will reach a total of 2 billion 124 other analyses cite the lack of an extensive hydrogen infrastructure in the u s as an ongoing challenge to fuel cell electric vehicle commercialization 82 in 2014 joseph romm the author of the hype about hydrogen 2005 2025 said that fcvs still had not overcome the high fueling cost lack of fuel delivery infrastructure and pollution caused by producing hydrogen it would take several miracles to overcome all of those problems simultaneously in the coming decades 126 he concluded that renewable energy cannot economically be used to make hydrogen for an fcv fleet either now or in the future 121 greentech media s analyst reached similar conclusions in 2014 127 in 2015 cleantechnica listed some of the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles 128 so did car throttle 129 a 2019 video by real engineering noted that notwithstanding the introduction of vehicles that run on hydrogen using hydrogen as a fuel for cars does not help to reduce carbon emissions from transportation the 95 of hydrogen still produced from fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and producing hydrogen from water is an energy consuming process storing hydrogen requires more energy either to cool it down to the liquid state or to put it into tanks under high pressure and delivering the hydrogen to fueling stations requires more energy and may release more carbon the hydrogen needed to move a fcv a kilometer costs approximately 8 times as much as the electricity needed to move a bev the same distance 130 a 2020 assessment concluded that hydrogen vehicles are still only 38 efficient while battery evs are 80 efficient 131 in 2021 cleantechnica concluded that a hydrogen cars remain far less efficient than electric cars b grey hydrogen hydrogen produced with polluting processes makes up the vast majority of available hydrogen c delivering hydrogen would require building a vast and expensive new delivery and refueling infrastructure and d the remaining two advantages of fuel cell vehicles longer range and fast fueling times are rapidly being eroded by improving battery and charging technology 132 a 2022 study in nature electronics agreed 133 a 2023 study by the centre for international climate and environmental research cicero estimated that leaked hydrogen has a global warming effect 11 6 times stronger than co 2 134 buses edit toyota fchv bus at the expo 2005 as of august 2011 update there were about 100 fuel cell buses in service around the world 135 most of these were manufactured by utc power toyota ballard hydrogenics and proton motor utc buses had driven more than 970 000 km 600 000 miles by 2011 136 fuel cell buses have from 39 to 141 higher fuel economy than diesel buses and natural gas buses 114 137 as of 2019 update the nrel was evaluating several current and planned fuel cell bus projects in the u s 138 trains edit train operators may use hydrogen fuel cells in trains in an effort to save the costs of installing overhead electrification and to maintain the range offered by diesel trains they have encountered expenses however due to fuel cells in trains lasting only three years maintenance of the hydrogen tank and the additional need for batteries as a power buffer 139 140 in 2018 the first fuel cell powered trains the alstom coradia ilint multiple units began running on the buxtehude bremervörde bremerhaven cuxhaven line in germany 141 hydrogen trains have also been introduced in sweden 142 and the uk 143 trucks edit in december 2020 toyota and hino motors together with seven eleven japan familymart and lawson announced that they have agreed to jointly consider introducing light duty fuel cell electric trucks light duty fcets 144 lawson started testing for low temperature delivery at the end of july 2021 in tokyo using a hino dutro in which the toyota mirai fuel cell is implemented familymart started testing in okazaki city 145 in august 2021 toyota announced their plan to make fuel cell modules at its kentucky auto assembly plant for use in zero emission big rigs and heavy duty commercial vehicles they plan to begin assembling the electrochemical devices in 2023 146 in october 2021 daimler truck s fuel cell based truck received approval from german authorities for use on public roads 147 forklifts edit a fuel cell forklift also called a fuel cell lift truck is a fuel cell powered industrial forklift truck used to lift and transport materials in 2013 there were over 4 000 fuel cell forklifts used in material handling in the us 148 of which 500 received funding from doe 2012 149 150 as of 2024 approximately 50 000 hydrogen forklifts are in operation worldwide the bulk of which are in the u s as compared with 1 2 million battery electric forklifts that were purchased in 2021 151 most companies in europe and the us do not use petroleum powered forklifts as these vehicles work indoors where emissions must be controlled and instead use electric forklifts 152 153 fuel cell powered forklifts can be refueled in 3 minutes and they can be used in refrigerated warehouses where their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures the fc units are often designed as drop in replacements 154 155 motorcycles and bicycles edit in 2005 a british manufacturer of hydrogen powered fuel cells intelligent energy ie produced the first working hydrogen run motorcycle called the env emission neutral vehicle the motorcycle holds enough fuel to run for four hours and to travel 160 km 100 miles in an urban area at a top speed of 80 km h 50 mph 156 in 2004 honda developed a fuel cell motorcycle that utilized the honda fc stack 157 158 other examples of motorbikes 159 and bicycles 160 that use hydrogen fuel cells include the taiwanese company apfct s scooter 161 using the fueling system from italy s acta spa 162 and the suzuki burgman scooter with an ie fuel cell that received eu whole vehicle type approval in 2011 163 suzuki motor corp and ie have announced a joint venture to accelerate the commercialization of zero emission vehicles 164 airplanes edit in 2003 the world s first propeller driven airplane to be powered entirely by a fuel cell was flown the fuel cell was a stack design that allowed the fuel cell to be integrated with the plane s aerodynamic surfaces 165 fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicles uav include a horizon fuel cell uav that set the record distance flown for a small uav in 2007 166 boeing researchers and industry partners throughout europe conducted experimental flight tests in february 2008 of a manned airplane powered only by a fuel cell and lightweight batteries the fuel cell demonstrator airplane as it was called used a proton exchange membrane pem fuel cell lithium ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor which was coupled to a conventional propeller 167 in 2009 the naval research laboratory s nrl s ion tiger utilized a hydrogen powered fuel cell and flew for 23 hours and 17 minutes 168 fuel cells are also being tested and considered to provide auxiliary power in aircraft replacing fossil fuel generators that were previously used to start the engines and power on board electrical needs while reducing carbon emissions 169 170 failed verification in 2016 a raptor e1 drone made a successful test flight using a fuel cell that was lighter than the lithium ion battery it replaced the flight lasted 10 minutes at an altitude of 80 metres 260 ft although the fuel cell reportedly had enough fuel to fly for two hours the fuel was contained in approximately 100 solid 1 square centimetre 0 16 sq in pellets composed of a proprietary chemical within an unpressurized cartridge the pellets are physically robust and operate at temperatures as warm as 50 c 122 f the cell was from arcola energy 171 lockheed martin skunk works stalker is an electric uav powered by solid oxide fuel cell 172 boats edit fuel cell boat hydra in leipzig germany the hydra a 22 person fuel cell boat operated from 1999 to 2001 on the rhine river near bonn germany 173 and was used as a ferry boat in ghent belgium during an electric boat conference in 2000 it was fully certified by the germanischer lloyd for passenger transport 174 the zemship a small passenger ship was produced in 2003 to 2013 it used a 100 kw polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells pemfc with 7 lead gel batteries with these systems alongside 12 storage tanks fuel cells provided an energy capacity of 560 v and 234 kwh 175 made in hamburg germany the fcs alsterwasser revealed in 2008 was one of the first passenger ships powered by fuel cells and could carry 100 passengers the hybrid fuel cell technology that powered this ship was produced by proton motor fuel cell gmbh 176 in 2010 the mf vågen was first produced utilizing 12 kw fuel cells and 2 to 3 kilogram metal hydride hydrogen storage it also utilizes 25 kwh lithium batteries and a 10 kw dc motor 175 the hornblower hybrid debuted in 2012 it utilizes a diesel generator batteries photovoltaics wind power and fuel cells for energy 175 made in bristol a 12 passenger hybrid ferry hydrogenesis has been in operation since 2012 175 the sf breeze is a two motor boat that utilizes 41 120 kw fuel cells with a type c storage tank the pressurized vessel can maintain 1200 kg of lh2 these ships are still in operation today 175 in norway the first ferry powered by fuel cells running on liquid hydrogen was scheduled for its first test drives in december 2022 177 178 the type 212 submarines of the german and italian navies use fuel cells to remain submerged for weeks without the need to surface 179 the u212a is a non nuclear submarine developed by german naval shipyard howaldtswerke deutsche werft 180 the system consists of nine pem fuel cells providing between 30 kw and 50 kw each the ship is silent giving it an advantage in the detection of other submarines 181 portable power systems edit portable fuel cell systems are generally classified as weighing under 10 kg and providing power of less than 5 kw 182 the potential market size for smaller fuel cells was estimated in 2002 at around 10 billion 183 within this market two groups have been identified the first is the microfuel cell market in the 1 50 w range for power smaller electronic devices the second is the 1 5 kw range of generators for larger scale power generation e g military outposts remote oil fields microfuel cells are primarily aimed at penetrating the market for phones and laptops 183 portable power systems that use fuel cells can be used in the leisure sector i e rvs cabins marine industry i e power for remote locations including gas oil wellsites communication towers security weather stations and the military sfc energy is a german manufacturer of direct methanol fuel cells for a variety of portable power systems 184 ensol systems inc is an integrator of portable power systems using the sfc energy dmfc 185 the key advantage of fuel cells in this market is the great power generation per weight while fuel cells can be expensive for remote locations that require dependable energy fuel cells hold great power 182 other applications edit providing power for base stations or cell sites 186 187 emergency power systems are a type of fuel cell system which may include lighting generators and other apparatus to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail they find uses in a wide variety of settings from residential homes to hospitals scientific laboratories data centers 188 telecommunication 189 equipment and modern naval ships an uninterrupted power supply ups provides emergency power and depending on the topology provide line regulation as well to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available unlike a standby generator it can provide instant protection from a momentary power interruption smartphones laptops and tablets for use in locations where ac charging may not be readily available portable charging docks for small electronics e g a belt clip that charges a cell phone or pda small heating appliances 190 food preservation achieved by exhausting the oxygen and automatically maintaining oxygen exhaustion in a shipping container containing for example fresh fish 191 sensors including in breathalyzers where the amount of voltage generated by a fuel cell is used to determine the concentration of fuel alcohol in the sample 192 fueling stations edit main articles hydrogen station and hydrogen highway hydrogen fueling station according to fuelcellsworks an industry group at the end of 2019 330 hydrogen refueling stations were open to the public worldwide 193 as of june 2020 there were 178 publicly available hydrogen stations in operation in asia 194 114 of these were in japan 194 there were at least 177 stations in europe and about half of these were in germany 195 196 there were 44 publicly accessible stations in the us 42 of which were located in california 197 a hydrogen fueling station costs between 1 million and 4 million to build 198 social implications edit as of 2023 technological barriers to fuel cell adoption remain 199 fuel cel...
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