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h embassy estimates there are between 300 000 and 400 000 french citizens living in the uk with a huge majority of them living in london 34 though a polish community has existed in london since the late middle ages it was not significant in the 2001 census but has grown significantly since 2004 when poland joined the european union and by june 2010 london had 122 000 polish residents 35 the german born population figure may be misleading however because it includes british nationals born to parents serving in the british armed forces in germany london has been a focus for immigration for centuries whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons huguenots eastern european jews cypriots and east african asians are examples of the former irish bangladeshis and west indians of the latter the east end district around spitalfields has been first home for several ethnic groups which have subsequently moved elsewhere in london as they gained prosperity ethnic group 2001 36 2011 37 2021 38 number number number white british 4 287 861 59 79 3 669 284 44 89 3 239 281 36 81 white irish 220 488 3 07 175 974 2 15 156 333 1 78 white gypsy or irish traveller note 1 n a 8 196 0 10 7 031 0 08 white roma note 2 n a 37 689 0 43 white other 594 854 8 29 1 033 981 12 65 1 290 838 14 67 white subtotal 5 103 203 71 15 4 887 435 59 79 4 731 172 53 76 asian or asian british indian 436 993 6 09 542 857 6 64 656 272 7 46 asian or asian british pakistani 142 749 1 99 223 797 2 74 290 549 3 30 asian or asian british bangladeshi 153 893 2 15 222 127 2 72 322 054 3 66 asian or asian british chinese note 3 80 201 1 12 124 250 1 52 147 520 1 68 asian or asian british other asian 133 058 1 86 398 515 4 88 401 245 4 56 asian or asian british subtotal 946 894 13 20 1 511 546 18 49 1 817 640 20 66 black or black british african 378 933 5 28 573 931 7 02 697 054 7 92 black or black british caribbean 343 567 4 79 344 597 4 22 345 405 3 93 black or black british other black 60 349 0 84 170 112 2 08 145 911 1 66 black or black british subtotal 782 849 10 92 1 088 640 13 32 1 188 370 13 50 mixed white and black caribbean 70 928 0 99 119 425 1 46 132 555 1 51 mixed white and black african 34 182 0 48 65 479 0 80 77 341 0 88 mixed white and asian 59 944 0 84 101 500 1 24 125 188 1 42 mixed other mixed 61 057 0 85 118 875 1 45 170 691 1 94 mixed subtotal 226 111 3 15 405 279 4 96 505 775 5 75 other arab note 1 n a 106 020 1 30 139 791 1 59 other any other ethnic group 113 034 1 58 175 021 2 14 416 977 4 74 other subtotal 113 034 1 58 281 041 3 44 556 768 6 33 total 7 172 091 100 00 8 173 941 100 00 8 799 725 100 00 1 2 new category created for the 2011 census new category created for the 2021 census in 2001 listed under the other ethnic group heading population edit main article demographics of london greater london population from 1880 to 2016 39 40 the population of the current area of greater london rose from about 1 1 million in 1801 when only about 850 000 people were in the urban area while 250 000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of london to an estimated 8 6 million in 1939 but declined to 6 7 million in 1988 before starting to rebound in the 1990s by 2006 the population had recovered to the level of 1970 and the level of population in the 1920s it has now surpassed the previous 1939 peak and is over 9 million figures here are for greater london in its 2001 boundaries figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the office for national statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries figures from 1981 onward are mid year estimates revised in august 2007 which are more accurate than the censuses known to underestimate the population of london 1891 5 6 april 5 572 012 1901 31 march 1 april 6 506 954 1911 2 3 april 7 160 525 1921 19 20 june 7 386 848 1931 26 27 april 8 110 480 1939 mid year estimate 8 615 245 1951 8 9 april 8 196 978 1961 23 24 april 7 992 616 1965 greater london formally created 1971 25 26 april 7 452 520 1981 mid year estimate 6 805 000 41 1988 mid year estimate 6 729 300 42 1991 mid year estimate 6 829 300 43 2001 mid year estimate 7 322 400 44 2002 mid year estimate 7 361 600 45 2003 mid year estimate 7 364 100 46 2004 mid year estimate 7 389 100 47 2005 mid year estimate 7 456 100 48 2006 mid year estimate 7 512 400 49 2009 mid year estimate 7 753 600 49 2013 mid year estimate 8 416 535 50 2014 mid year estimate 8 546 761 51 2015 mid year estimate 8 658 178 40 2016 mid year estimate 8 798 957 40 economy edit main article economy of london a profile of the economy of london in 2013 this is a chart of trend of regional gross value added gva of inner london at current basic prices published pp 240 253 by office for national statistics with figures in millions of british pounds sterling gva inner london year regional gross value added b agriculture c industry d services e 1995 64 616 7 8 147 56 461 2000 92 330 6 10 094 82 229 2003 112 090 12 10 154 101 924 eurostat data shows the gdp of inner london to be 232 billion euros in 2009 52 and per capita gdp of 78 000 euros this is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of outer london at current basic prices published pp 240 253 by office for national statistics with figures in millions of british pounds sterling gva outer london year regional gross value added b agriculture c industry d services e 1995 44 160 51 10 801 33 307 2000 60 304 43 12 529 47 732 2003 69 420 69 13 081 54 462 eurostat data shows the gdp of outer london to be 103 billion euros in 2009 52 and per capita gdp of 21 460 euros religion edit main article religion in london see also list of churches and cathedrals of london westminster abbey a world heritage site and location of the coronation of british monarchs the largest religious groupings are christian 48 4 muslim 8 4 hindu 8 0 jewish 1 8 sikh 1 5 and buddhist 1 0 alongside those of no religion 21 7 the united kingdom has traditionally been christian and london has a large number of churches particularly in the city st paul s cathedral in the city and southwark cathedral south of the river are anglican administrative centres while the clerical head of the church of england and the worldwide anglican communion the archbishop of canterbury has his main residence at lambeth palace in the london borough of lambeth important national and royal ceremonies are shared between st paul s and westminster abbey the abbey is not to be confused with nearby westminster cathedral the largest roman catholic cathedral in england and wales religious practice in london is lower than in any other part of the uk or western europe and is around seven times lower than american averages despite the prevalence of anglican churches weekly observance is low within that denomination although in recent years church attendance particularly at evangelical anglican churches in london has started to increase london is home to sizeable hindu sikh buddhist muslim and jewish communities many muslims live in tower hamlets and newham the most important muslim buildings are the east london mosque in whitechapel and the london central mosque on the edge of regent s park london s large hindu community is in the north western boroughs of harrow and brent the latter containing one of europe s largest hindu temples baps shri swaminarayan mandir london sikh communities are in east and west london particularly southall in the western borough of ealing which is also home to the largest sikh temple in the capital the majority of british jews live in london with significant communities in stamford hill the most orthodox jewish area outside new york city and israel and st john s wood golders green and edgware in north london education edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2019 learn how and when to remove this message publicly funded education has been administered through 33 leas which correspond to the city of london and the 32 london boroughs since the 1990 enactment of the education reform act 1988 53 from 1965 to 1990 12 inner london boroughs and the city of london were served by the inner london education authority 53 the introduction of comprehensive schools directed by circular 10 65 in 1965 was mostly followed in greater london however 19 grammar schools have been retained in some outer london boroughs 54 with sutton having the most with five followed by bexley with four and others in five other boroughs in these boroughs the state schools outperform the relatively few independent schools in inner london private schools always get the best results and are larger in number at gcse and a level outer london boroughs have broadly better results than inner london boroughs 55 at gcse the best borough is kingston upon thames closely followed by sutton both boroughs have selective schools and get the top two average gcse results in england for leas next is kensington and chelsea the third best in england then redbridge hammersmith and fulham bromley barnet and harrow only ten boroughs have gcse results under the england average and some inner london boroughs have surprisingly good results considering where they lie on the scale of deprivation e g lambeth overall at gcse in 2009 greater london had the best results for regions of england greater london is generally a prosperous region and prosperous areas generally have good gcse results the city of london has no state schools just two independent schools haringey and kensington and chelsea have the most people that pass no gcses citation needed at a level the average results for leas are disappointing compared to their good gcse results although kingston upon thames gets the best gcse results in england at a level it is not even above average sutton gets the best a level results in london and in england three of the schools in the top four at a level in london are in sutton it has only one independent school the few other boroughs with above average a level results are havering barnet bexley redbridge and ealing the poor a level results in many london boroughs is explained by the quantity of independent schools getting good a level results the state school system is often bypassed at age 16 by the more able pupils some london boroughs need more good sixth form colleges citation needed the region s 34 further education colleges are funded through the skills funding agency and the young people s learning agency large colleges include kingston college havering college of further and higher education and croydon college universities edit see also list of universities and higher education colleges in london university college london a founding constituent of the university of london the university of london has 20 federated colleges and schools the two main constituents of the university of london are in order of total funding university college london ucl and king s college london kcl imperial college was part of the university of london until 2007 and is now an independent university ucl kcl and imperial have very large research grants some of the largest in england after cambridge and oxford ucl and imperial receive around 600 million each which is more than twice as much as any other in the region the next largest institution by funding is queen mary university of london followed by city university of london london is also home to the london school of economics and political science lse one of the few solely social science institutions in the world together with ucl and imperial they make up the london vertex of the golden triangle universities the other institutions being oxford and cambridge the region has many medical schools although these are part of other institutions such as ucl kcl and imperial the royal veterinary college is based in camden with another site in north mymms in hertfordshire 50 of students come from the region and around 30 from other regions most students from other regions come from south east england the east of england and to a lesser degree south west england the vast majority are from the south of england over 50 students native to the region stay in the region with 15 going to south east england 30 to either scotland wales or the north east and around 5 go elsewhere london is a draw for uk graduates from all over the uk over 70 of uk students to graduate from the university of london remain in london just under 15 go to the south east and just over 5 go to the east of england and 10 elsewhere twin cities edit the gla has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities 56 country city region year china shanghai shanghai municipality 2009 57 china beijing beijing municipality 2006 58 france paris île de france 2001 germany berlin berlin 2000 russia moscow russian federal city 2002 united states new york city new york 2001 59 japan tokyo tokyo 2005 croatia zagreb city of zagreb 2009 india mumbai maharashtra see also edit london portal england portal united kingdom portal europe portal geographical central london inner london outer london london boroughs greater london urban area london commuter belt metropolitan police district m25 motorway political mayor of london list of lord lieutenants of greater london list of high sheriffs of greater london london plan city of london historical metropolitan board of works county of london greater london council others global city megacity metropolis notes edit croydon and southwark have made several failed applications for city status 1 2 components may not sum to totals due to rounding 1 2 includes hunting and forestry 1 2 includes energy and construction 1 2 includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured references edit high sheriffs the privy council office retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 population estimates for 1997 lieutenancy areas in england and wales june 2024 office for national statistics 18 november 2025 retrieved 19 november 2025 1 2 3 mid year population estimates united kingdom june 2024 office for national statistics 26 september 2025 retrieved 26 september 2025 london government act 1963 latest available legislation gov uk archived from the original on 29 october 2021 retrieved 12 october 2021 population estimates for 1997 lieutenancy areas in england and wales june 2024 office for national statistics 18 november 2025 retrieved 19 november 2025 london government act 1963 latest available legislation gov uk archived from the original on 29 october 2021 retrieved 12 october 2021 vision of britain census 1901 preliminary report archived 22 october 2012 at the wayback machine 1 2 young k garside p metropolitan london politics and urban change 1982 westergaard j the structure of greater london london aspects of change 1961 the motorway archive the origins of the london orbital motorway m25 archived 20 july 2009 at the wayback machine saint a politics and the people of london the london county council 1...
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