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ks were a matrilineal seafaring people hunting whales and other marine mammals 37 kujkynnjaku the raven is their primary deity 38 39 most of the raven myths are similar to those of the koryak 39 the group of people inhabiting these islands developed a culture made rich by the abundance of the land and sea these people became the haida the haida are a linguistically distinct group and they have a complex class and rank system consisting of two main clans the eagles and ravens links and diversity within the haida nation were gained through a cross lineal marriage system between the clans this system was also important for the transfer of wealth within the nation with each clan reliant on the other for the building of longhouses the carving of totem poles and other items of cultural importance noted seafarers the haida occupied more than 100 villages throughout the islands the haida were skilled traders with established trade links with their neighbouring first nations on the mainland to california 40 the haida people regularly took slaves from their wars with other peoples around them 41 colonial era edit see also colony of the queen charlotte islands queen charlottes gold rush and colonial police action against the people of haida gwaii the archipelago was first sighted by europeans in 1774 by juan pérez at langara island 42 in 1778 by james cook and in 1786 by lapérouse in 1794 the haida captured and sank two american maritime fur trade vessels seeking to acquire sea otter pelts ino under captain simon metcalfe which was captured in houston stewart channel near ninstints and resolution captured near cumshewa inlet 43 in both cases only one crewmember survived in 1851 the haida captured the georgiana a ship carrying gold prospectors and held its crew for ransom for nearly two months 44 the islands played an important role during the maritime fur trade era of the late 18th and early 19th centuries during most of that era the trade in the islands was dominated by americans 45 the oregon treaty of 1846 put an end to american claims to the islands following the discovery of gold in the 1850s the british made efforts to exclude whatever american territorial claims might remain 46 the colony of the queen charlotte islands was a british colony created by the colonial office in response to the increase in american marine trading activity resulting from the gold rush on moresby island in 1851 no separate administration or capital for the colony was ever established as its only officer or appointee was james douglas who was simultaneously governor of vancouver island in essence the colony was merged with the vancouver island colony for administrative purposes from the 1850s to 1866 when the colony of vancouver island was merged with the mainland which until that point was the separate colony of british columbia 21st century edit in july 2012 entrepreneur russ george dispersed 100 short tons 91 t of iron sulphate dust into the pacific ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of haida gwaii the old massett village council was persuaded to finance this geoengineering experiment as a salmon enhancement project with 1 million in village funds 47 the concept was that the formerly iron deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn produce more salmon george hoped to finance the project by using the carbon sequestration effects of the new plankton as marketable carbon offsets the project has been plagued by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness george contended that 100 tons of iron is negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean 48 lawyers environmentalists and civil society groups are calling the dumping a blatant violation of two international moratoriums 47 49 george said that the old massett village council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven canadian agencies were aware of it 48 in may 2013 the haida salmon restoration corporation removed george as a director of the company and ended his employment 50 the 2013 salmon runs increased from 50 million to 226 million fish 51 but research conducted on 13 major iron fertilization experiments in the open ocean since 1990 concludes that the method is unproven and with respect to the haida gwaii project scientists have seen no evidence that the experiment worked 52 in a deal negotiated between the government and the haida nation over the preceding decades british columbia in 2024 transferred the title over more than 200 islands off canada s west coast to the haida people recognizing the nation s aboriginal land title throughout haida gwaii the deal was the first of its kind in canada 14 13 on 17 february 2025 prime minister justin trudeau and haida nation president gaagwiis jason alsop signed the agreement at a public ceremony at skidegate 53 naming edit the northern pacific northwest coast showing the position of the archipelago in relation to other islands in the region the southern half of prince of wales island is kaigani haida territory but is not included in the term haida gwaii in 1787 captain george dixon surveyed the islands he named the islands the queen charlotte islands after his ship the queen charlotte which was named after charlotte of mecklenburg strelitz wife of king george iii of the united kingdom another name washington s isles was commonly used by american traders who frequented the islands in the days of the marine fur trade and considered the islands part of the us claimed oregon country 8 54 55 following the 1846 oregon treaty which established the current international borders and made the islands definitively part of the british empire the queen charlotte islands name became official on december 11 2009 the british columbia government announced that legislation would be introduced in mid 2010 to officially rename the queen charlotte islands to the new name haida gwaii the legislation received royal assent on june 3 2010 formalizing the name change 2 at an official giving back the name ceremony the name written on a piece of paper and placed in a bentwood box was handed to the premier of british columbia 4 this name change is officially recognized by all levels of canadian governments 56 and also by the united states national geospatial intelligence agency name database 57 the name haida gwaii is a modern coinage and was created in the early 1980s as an alternative to the colonial era name queen charlotte islands to recognize the history of the haida people 2 haida gwaii means islands of the people 4 while haida on its own means not only us but also people still in use is the older name xaadala gwayee or in alternative orthography xhaaidlagha gwaayaai meaning islands at the boundary of the world 2 xhaaydla worlds refers here to the sea and sky 8 environment edit haida gwaii forests western hemlock forest on moresby island haida gwaii forests ecoregion in canada ecology realm nearctic biome temperate coniferous forest borders british columbia mainland coastal forests northern pacific coastal forests bird species 143 58 mammal species 3 58 geography area 10 101 km 2 3 900 mi 2 country canada province british columbia climate type oceanic cfb conservation conservation status vulnerable 59 habitat loss 0 58 protected 20 7 58 research by simon fraser university concludes that haida gwaii around 55 000 bce was likely covered with tundra and low meadows that were populated by grazing mammals including caribou and mammoths although no mammoth or mastodon fossils were found the research discovered dung eating fungi underground in ancient peat by the cape ball site in naikoon provincial park on graham island 60 the tundra like landscape then evolved to a mix of alpine forest and meadows 60 the last pleistocene glaciation receded from the archipelago about 16 000 bce about 2 000 years earlier than the rest of the british columbia coast s ice age 61 that and its subsequent isolation from the mainland encouraged haida indigenous and environmental activists in the 1970s to use the term galápagos of the north a unique biocultural zone with many endemic plants and animals the climate of this temperate north hemisphere forested region like that of much of the british columbia and alaskan coast in the area is moderated by the north pacific current with heavy rainfall and relatively mild temperatures throughout the year the islands are home to the taan forest with a wide variety of large trees including the sitka spruce western red cedar yellow cedar nootka cypress shore pine western hemlock mountain hemlock western yew and red alder the flora of the queen charlotte islands 62 describes plants from the islands soils are variable peat is common in poorly drained flats and even on sloping ground in the wetter areas where drainage is good the mature soils are podzols that have classic development well defined eluvial horizon ae under canadian classification in undisturbed areas 63 a history of disturbance as from logging or windthrow sees the ae mixed with other horizons and only patchily visible 64 kiidk yaas golden spruce a naturally occurring genetic variant yellow colour sitka spruce tree was near the yakoun river the largest on graham island it was a popular tourist attraction until it was illegally cut down in 1997 as a protest against the industrial logging practices fauna edit as an island haida gwaii is home to a large number of subspecies that have evolved independently of the mainland the latin name of these subspecies are often appended carlottae this includes a type of black bear ursus americanus carlottae which is larger than its mainland cousin and the smallest subspecies of ermine the haida ermine mustela haidarum haidarum the haida gwaii pine marten known in haida as k uuxuu 65 is also larger than its mainland cousin and feeds primarily on seafood one species of bird the haida gwaii northern saw whet owl has subspecific status and may also be a species it has darker plumage than other saw whets 66 the island used to be home to dawson s caribou until their extinction from overhunting and competition from introduced black tailed deer in the early 20th century black tailed deer elk beaver muskrat two species of squirrel two species of rats and raccoon are introduced species of mammals that have become abundant imparting many ecological changes to the ecosystem rabbits briefly proliferated after the release of domesticated stock though were quickly culled by local hunters milk cows primarily shorthorn stock were introduced to the archipelago by the hudson s bay company to bolster food supplies for coal miners after the failure of this industry on haida gwaii the cows were turned loose to roam the swamps beaches and strawberry fields these cows quickly reverted to a wild state and still are a common sight on remote areas of northern graham island having blended with jersey and hereford herds released from later agricultural failures they are known to eat eelgrass 67 from the spring of 1996 until november 30 1997 a popular attraction for tourists to the islands was a male albino white raven he lived around port clements and would commonly be seen taking food handouts from locals and visitors alike he died after making contact with an electrical transformer the white raven was preserved by former port clements residents taxidermists roger britten sr and jr and is on display in the port clements historical society s museum 68 climate edit the climate is oceanic cfb except near the summit of mount moresby where the climate is subpolar oceanic cfc it is very similar to the climate of the west coast of scotland in terms of average temperatures and total year round precipitation but the latitude is lower than the west coast of scotland it is 52 39 the same as southern ireland 69 in the relatively shielded areas around tlell and sandspit annual rainfall averages from 1 200 millimetres 47 in to 1 400 millimetres 55 in 70 average monthly precipitation is markedly concentrated from october to january with december the wettest month averaging about 198 millimetres 7 8 in most of which is rain though snow is possible may through july represent a markedly drier season july the driest month averages about 46 4 millimetres 1 83 in of rain snowfall is generally moderate averaging from 10 centimetres 4 in to 70 centimetres 28 in though at northerly langara island it averages around 100 centimetres 40 in precipitation is typically extremely frequent especially from autumn to mid winter occurring on around two thirds of all days even in relatively shielded areas and direct sunlight is scarce averaging around 3 to 4 hours per day climate data for sandspit airport month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high humidex 13 9 13 5 13 5 17 9 23 2 28 5 30 9 30 3 27 4 24 5 17 9 15 0 30 9 record high c f 12 4 54 3 13 4 56 1 13 9 57 0 18 9 66 0 21 7 71 1 26 7 80 1 27 8 82 0 26 7 80 1 24 1 75 4 20 6 69 1 16 3 61 3 13 4 56 1 27 8 82 0 mean daily maximum c f 6 4 43 5 6 7 44 1 7 8 46 0 9 7 49 5 12 3 54 1 15 0 59 0 17 3 63 1 18 1 64 6 16 1 61 0 12 2 54 0 8 4 47 1 6 7 44 1 11 4 52 5 daily mean c f 4 0 39 2 4 1 39 4 4 9 40 8 6 6 43 9 9 4 48 9 12 2 54 0 14 5 58 1 15 2 59 4 13 2 55 8 9 4 48 9 5 7 42 3 4 2 39 6 8 6 47 5 mean daily minimum c f 1 6 34 9 1 5 34 7 1 9 35 4 3 4 38 1 6 4 43 5 9 3 48 7 11 6 52 9 12 2 54 0 10 2 50 4 6 6 43 9 3 0 37 4 1 7 35 1 5 8 42 4 record low c f 13 9 7 0 12 3 9 9 12 2 10 0 5 1 22 8 1 1 30 0 2 2 36 0 5 0 41 0 1 9 35 4 0 6 30 9 3 1 26 4 15 5 4 1 12 8 9 0 15 5 4 1 record low wind chill 22 9 24 1 22 9 10 8 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 26 0 20 8 26 0 average precipitation mm inches 190 7 7 51 130 8 5 15 116 8 4 60 97 7 3 85 66 4 2 61 51 7 2 04 48 1 1 89 62 2 2 45 83 5 3 29 169 5 6 67 193 8 7 63 196 2 7 72 1 407 5 55 41 average rainfall mm inches 178 4 7 02 120 8 4 76 112 0 4 41 96 6 3 80 66 4 2 61 51 7 2 04 48 2 1 90 62 3 2 45 83 5 3 29 169 5 6 67 191 8 7 55 190 0 7 48 1 371 2 53 98 average snowfall cm inches 12 7 5 0 9 9 3 9 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 6 0 2 4 37 9 14 9 average precipitation days 0 2 mm 23 3 19 2 21 5 19 9 17 7 15 8 14 9 14 8 17 3 22 8 24 0 23 8 234 9 average rainy days 0 2 mm 21 8 17 8 20 9 19 8 17 7 15 8 14 9 14 9 17 3 22 8 23 3 22 7 229 7 average snowy days 0 2 cm 3 6 2 8 2 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 13 0 average relative humidity 84 4 80 1 77 1 76 4 76 0 77 1 76 1 76 1 76 3 78 5 81 6 84 6 78 7 mean monthly sunshine hours 41 9 77 2 115 9 157 7 194 0 183 8 195 9 187 7 137 9 98 0 58 4 44 8 1 493 1 percentage possible sunshine 16 6 28 0 31 6 37 7 39 5 36 3 38 5 41 0 36 1 29 8 22 3 18 9 31 4 source 1981 to 2010 canadian climate normals 70 geology edit see also 2012 haida gwaii earthquake and 1949 queen charlotte islands earthquake the islands are located along the queen charlotte fault an active transform fault that produces significant earthquakes every 3 30 years this is the result of the converging of the pacific and n...
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