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ed to keep chinese orthography stable the chart of generally utilized characters of modern chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters of these half were also included in the revised list of commonly used characters in modern chinese which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters 18 in 2009 the chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters no new simplifications were introduced in addition slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed but were not implemented due to negative public response 19 also the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components is now discouraged a state language commission official cited oversimplification as the reason for restoring some characters the language authority declared an open comment period until 31 august 2009 for feedback from the public 20 in 2013 the list of commonly used standard chinese characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists it included a total of 8105 characters 21 22 it included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents outside mainland china edit singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification eventually arriving at the same set of simplified characters as mainland china 23 the first round was promulgated by the ministry of education in 1969 consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters a second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974 the second set contained 49 differences from the mainland china system these were removed in the final round in 1976 in 1993 singapore adopted the 1986 mainland china revisions unlike in mainland china singapore parents have the option of registering their children s names in traditional characters malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981 though completely identical to the mainland chinese set they are used in chinese language schools methodology edit this section may be in need of reorganization to comply with wikipedia s layout guidelines please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure june 2024 learn how and when to remove this message structural simplification edit all characters simplified this way are enumerated in charts 1 and 2 of the 1986 general list of simplified chinese characters hereafter the general list chart 1 lists all 350 characters that are used by themselves and can never serve as simplified character components chart 2 lists 132 characters that are used by themselves as well as utilized as simplified character components to further derive other simplified characters chart 2 also lists 14 components or radicals that cannot be used by themselves but can be generalized for derivation of more complex characters derivation based on simplified components edit chart 3 of the general list includes 1753 characters which are simplified based on the same simplification principles used for components and radicals in chart 2 this list is non exhaustive so if a character is not already found in charts 1 3 but can be simplified in accordance with chart 2 the character should be simplified elimination of variants edit series one organization list of variant characters zh accounts for some of the orthography differences in mainland china versus in hong kong and taiwan these are not simplifications of character structures but rather reduction in number of total standard characters for each set of variants with identical pronunciation and meaning one character usually the simplest is elevated to the standard character set and the rest are obsoleted by 1993 1027 variants were declared obsolete by this list among the chosen variants those that appear in the 1986 complete list are also simplified in character structure accordingly novel forms edit new standardized character forms originated from the 1965 characters for printing list containing 6196 characters these tend to be vulgar variant forms for most of its characters the 1988 list of commonly used characters in modern chinese hereafter common modern characters contains 7000 characters and replaces the 1965 list since the new forms take vulgar variants many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms and as such are often mistaken as being structurally simplified structural simplification edit all characters simplified this way are enumerated in chart 1 and chart 2 in the 1986 complete list characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles they are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in chart 2 as usable as simplified character components based on which chart 3 is derived merging homophonous characters 蒙 懞 濛 矇 蒙 復 複 复 乾 幹 干 髮 發 发 adapting cursive shapes 草書楷化 書 书 長 长 當 当 韋 韦 樂 乐 車 车 興 兴 發 发 東 东 專 专 過 过 報 报 爾 尔 盡 尽 學 学 replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol such as 又 and 乂 對 对 觀 观 僅 仅 難 难 鳳 凤 這 这 劉 刘 omitting entire components 廠 厂 廣 广 飛 飞 習 习 滅 灭 親 亲 業 业 鄉 乡 餘 余 氣 气 omitting components then applying further alterations 婦 妇 麗 丽 歸 归 顯 显 務 务 structural changes that preserve the basic shape 繼 继 龜 龟 齒 齿 奪 夺 門 门 見 见 replacing the phonetic component of phono semantic compounds 鄰 邻 斃 毙 蠟 蜡 鍾 钟 艦 舰 replacing an uncommon phonetic component 華 华 憲 宪 歷 曆 历 賓 宾 replacing entirely with a newly coined phono semantic compound 護 护 驚 惊 藝 艺 響 响 removing radicals 麼 么 開 开 裡 裏 里 餘 余 關 关 only retaining single radicals 廣 广 親 亲 產 产 類 类 廠 厂 鄉 乡 replacing with ancient forms or variants note 2 塵 尘 膚 肤 從 从 眾 众 雲 云 網 网 與 与 無 无 電 电 adopting ancient vulgar variants note 2 體 体 國 国 憑 凭 陽 阳 陰 阴 readopting abandoned phonetic loan characters 餘 余 後 后 裡 裏 里 copying and modifying another traditional character 義 义 乂 髮 發 发 友 龍 龙 尤 頭 头 斗 simplifying components edit based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in chart 2 of the complete list the 1 753 derived characters found in chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using chart 2 as a conversion table while exercising such derivation the following rules should be observed the complete list employs character components not traditional radicals a component refers to any conceivable part of a character regardless of its position within the character or its relative size compared to other components in the same character for instance in the character 摆 not only is 扌 a traditional radical considered a component but so is 罢 each of the 132 simplified characters in chart 2 when used as a component in compound characters systematically simplify compound characters in exactly the same way the chart 2 character itself was simplified for instance 單 is simplified in chart 2 to 单 based on the same principle these derivations can be made 彈 弹 嬋 婵 囅 冁 the 14 simplified components in chart 2 are never used alone as individual characters they only serve as components example of derived simplification based on the component 𦥯 simplified to include 學 学 覺 觉 黌 黉 chart 1 collects 352 simplified characters that generally cannot be used as components even in rare cases where a chart 1 character is found as a component in a compound character the compound character cannot be simplified in the same way for instance 習 is simplified in chart 1 to 习 but 褶 cannot be simplified to 衤习 a character that is already explicitly listed as simplified character in the complete list of simplified characters cannot be alternatively simplified based on derivation for instance 戰 and 誇 are simplified in chart 1 to 战 and 夸 respectively thus they cannot be simplified alternatively by derivation via 单 and 讠 in chart 2 to 𢧐 and 讠夸 過 is simplified in chart 2 to 过 thus it cannot be alternatively derived via 呙 in chart 2 as 𬨨 sample derivations 𦥯 thus 學 学 覺 觉 黌 黉 單 单 thus 彈 弹 嬋 婵 囅 冁 頁 页 thus 顏 颜 頷 颔 順 顺 額 额 專 专 thus 傳 传 轉 转 磚 砖 𩙿 饣 thus 飯 饭 飽 饱 飼 饲 餃 饺 訁 讠 thus 話 话 語 语 誰 谁 elimination of allographs edit the series one list of variant characters reduces the number of total standard characters first amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning one character usually the simplest in form is elevated to the standard character set and the rest are made obsolete then amongst the chosen variants those that appear in the complete list of simplified characters are also simplified in character structure accordingly some examples follow sample reduction of equivalent variants 姪 侄 蹤 踪 恆 恒 佇 伫 虖 嘑 謼 呼 夠 够 ancient variants with simple structure are preferred 異 异 淚 泪 災 烖 菑 灾 simpler vulgar forms are also chosen 傑 杰 貓 猫 豬 猪 獃 騃 呆 the chosen variant was already simplified in chart 1 裏 裡 里 歎 嘆 叹 唘 啓 啟 启 鬦 鬪 鬭 鬥 斗 厤 暦 曆 历 歴 歷 历 in some instances the chosen variant is actually more complex than eliminated ones an example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 the 扌 hand with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex appearing as the tree radical 木 with four strokes in the chosen variant 榨 not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes for instance the traditional character 強 with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 with 12 strokes which is a variant character such characters do not constitute simplified characters novel forms edit main article xin zixing the new standardized character forms shown in the characters for publishing and revised through the common modern characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms since the new forms take vulgar variants many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters some examples follow the traditional component 釆 becomes 米 粵 粤 奧 奥 the traditional component 囚 becomes 日 溫 温 媼 媪 the traditional break stroke becomes the dot stroke 虛 虚 噓 嘘 the traditional components and 爫 become 靜 静 睜 睁 the traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 換 换 煥 焕 inconsistencies edit a commonly cited example of the irregularity of simplification involves characters that share the hand component 又 which is used in many simplified characters while there is an observable pattern involving the replacement of 𦰩 with 又 as seen in 漢 汉 難 难 癱 瘫 嘆 叹 灘 滩 when observing that 歎 叹 歡 欢 勸 劝 灌 not simplified and 罐 not simplified an inconsistency arises this is due to the fact that in the complete list of simplified characters 漢 汉 appears in chart 1 while 難 难 is listed in chart 2 and 癱 瘫 as a derived character in the non exhaustive list in chart 3 therefore 难 is defined as a simplified character component according to the standard while 又 is not based on 难 癱 is simplified to 瘫 and 灘 to 滩 since both 歡 欢 and 勸 劝 appear in chart 1 they are not defined as derived characters there are therefore no characters or components found in chart 2 usable for derivation of 灌 and 罐 further investigation reveals that these two characters do not appear in chart 1 nor in series one organization list of variant characters thus they remain unchanged from traditional forms in the common modern characters list distribution edit the slogan 战无不胜的毛泽东思想万岁 long live the invincible mao zedong thought written using simplified characters on xinhua gate in beijing the people s republic of china and singapore generally use simplified characters they appear very sparingly in texts originating in hong kong macau taiwan and overseas chinese communities although they are becoming more prevalent as mainland china becomes more integrated globally mainland china edit the law of the people s republic of china on the national common language and characters implies that simplified chinese characters are the country s standard script with traditional chinese being used for purposes such as ceremonies cultural purposes such as calligraphy for decoration in publications and books on ancient literature and poetry and for research purposes traditional characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promotion of simplified characters such as former government buildings religious buildings educational institutions and historical monuments traditional characters are also often used for commercial purposes such as in shopfront displays and advertisements as part of the one country two systems model the prc has not attempted to force hong kong or macau into using simplified characters the prc tends to print material intended for people in hong kong macau and taiwan and overseas chinese in traditional characters for example versions of the people s daily are printed in traditional characters and both people s daily and xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available using big5 encoding mainland companies selling products in hong kong macau and taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers the reverse is also true dictionaries published in mainland china generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts in digital media many cultural phenomena imported from hong kong and taiwan into mainland china such as music videos karaoke videos subtitled movies and subtitled dramas use traditional chinese characters hong kong edit textbooks official statements and newspapers show no signs of moving to simplified chinese characters including state funded media however for example hong konger students sometimes opt to write with simplified characters when taking notes or while taking exams in order to write faster the use of simplified characters in hong kong has become politicized due to its association with cultural imposition from mainland china reflected in instances of protests and boycotts against the use of simplified characters in names television subtitles and in schools 24 140 instead the continued use of traditional characters has become an issue of the cultural identity of hongkongers being an easily latchable social difference with mainlanders 24 142 it is common for hong kongers to learn traditional chinese characters in school as well as some simplified characters incidentally usually by consuming media produced on the mainland for use on computers however people tend to type chinese characters using an ime with a traditional character set such as big5 in hong kong as well as elsewhere it is common for people to use both sets due to the ease of conversion between the two sets clarification needed taiwan edit simplified characters are not used in any official capacity in taiwan including in government and civil publications in taiwan however they are sometimes used in calligraphy and informal handwriting 25 it is also legal to import and distribute publications printed in simplified characters ...
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