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oubleday publishing group isbn 978 0 307 42518 8 archived from the original on 2023 10 16 retrieved 2022 08 04 townsend camilla 2019 fifth sun a new history of the aztecs oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 067306 2 bierhorst john 1985 a nahuatl english dictionary and concordance to the cantares mexicanos with an analytic transcription and grammatical notes stanford university press p 319 isbn 978 0 8047 1183 8 somervill barbara a 2009 empire of the aztecs infobase publishing p 33 isbn 978 1 60413 149 9 glass john b 18 february 2015 annotated references in wauchope robert ed handbook of middle american indians volumes 14 and 15 guide to ethnohistorical sources parts three and four vol 14 15 university of texas press p 854 isbn 978 1 4773 0688 8 archived from the original on 19 december 2023 retrieved 28 may 2019 1 2 3 4 smith 2009 p 47 evans 2008 p 460 the term cihuācōātl literally means woman snake or female snake and the origin of this designation is not well understood the position was certainly not reserved for women although the title may perhaps suggest a metaphoric dichotomy between the masculine tlahtoāni dealing with external imperial affairs and the feminine cihuācōātl managing domestic affairs leon portilla 1963 p 155 1 2 smith 2009 p 48 1 2 3 evans 2008 p 462 1 2 durán 1994 pp 209 210 evans 2008 pp 456 457 hanson victor davis 2007 carnage and culture landmark battles in the rise to western power knopf doubleday publishing group isbn 978 0 307 42518 8 archived from the original on 2023 10 16 retrieved 2022 08 04 evans 2008 p 451 durán 1994 page needed smith 2009 pp 47 48 smith 2009 p 49 1 2 3 4 pollard 1993 p 169 1 2 3 4 5 smith 2009 p 51 evans 2008 p 450 based on hassig 1988 1 2 3 4 smith 2009 p 54 smith 2009 pp 50 51 pollard 1993 pp 169 170 davies 1973 p 216 diaz del castillo 2003 pp 35 40 karttunen frances 1997 rethinking malinche in schroeder susan et al eds indian women of early mexico university of oklahoma press diaz del castillo 2003 pp 92 94 diaz del castillo 2003 p 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cortés hernán 1843 the dispatches of hernando cortés the conqueror of mexico addressed to the emperor charles v written during the conquest and containing a narrative of its events new york wiley and putnam 1 2 3 smith 2009 p 275 altman ida cline s l sarah pescador javier 2003 3 conquest and colonization the early history of greater mexico pearson smith 2009 p 279 fernando de alva ixtlilxochitl 1969 ally of cortés account 13 of the coming of the spaniards and the beginning of evangelical law translated by ballentine douglass k el paso texas western press restall matthew 2004 seven myths of the spanish conquest 1st pbk ed oxford and new york oxford university press p 148 isbn 0 19 517611 1 motyl alexander j 2001 imperial ends the decay collapse and revival of empires new york columbia university press pp 13 19 21 32 36 isbn 0 231 12110 5 berdan frances f et al 1996 aztec imperial strategies washington dc dumbarton oaks isbn 978 0 88402 211 4 smith michael e 2000 aztec city states in mogens herman hansen ed a comparative study of thirty city state cultures copenhagen the royal danish academy of sciences and letters pp 581 595 evans susan t 2004 ancient mexico central america archaeology and culture history new york thames hudson pp 443 446 449 451 coe michael d 1984 mexico 3 ed new york thames hudson p 156 townshend richard f 2000 the aztecs revised ed london thames hudson pp 200 202 1 2 berdan francis f patricia rieff anawalt 1992 the codex mendoza vol 1 university of california press p 196 brumfiel elizabeth m 1983 aztec state making ecology structure and the origin of the state american anthropologist new series 85 2 273 doi 10 1525 aa 1983 85 2 02a00010 townshend richard f 2000 the aztecs revised ed london thames hudson p 204 manuel aguilar moreno 2007 handbook to life in the aztec world oxford university press p 76 isbn 978 0 19 533083 0 calnek edward e 1982 patterns of empire formation in the valley of mexico in collier rosaldo wirth eds the inca and aztec states 1400 1800 new york academic press pp 56 59 smith michael e 1986 social stratification in the aztec empire a view from the provinces american anthropologist 88 1 74 doi 10 1525 aa 1986 88 1 02a00050 s2cid 144891771 kurtz donald v 1984 strategies of legitimation and the aztec state ethnology 23 4 308 309 doi 10 2307 3773507 jstor 3773507 almazán marco a 1999 the aztec states society the roots of civil society and social capital annals of the american academy of political and social science 565 170 doi 10 1177 000271629956500111 s2cid 145457832 maffie n d sec 2a teotl continually generates and regenerates as well as permeates encompasses and shapes the cosmos as part of its endless process of self generation and regeneration that which humans commonly understand as nature e g heavens earth rain humans trees rocks animals etc is generated by teotl from teotl as one aspect facet or moment of its endless process of self generation and regeneration maffie n d sec 2b 2c citing hunt 1977 and i nicholson 1959 leon portilla 1966 p 387 cited by barnett 2007 m leon portilla argues that ometeotl was neither strictly pantheistic nor strictly monistic maffie n d sec 2f literally two god also called in tonan in tota huehueteotl our mother our father the old god maffie n d sec 2f citing leon portilla 1963 maffie n d sec 2f citing caso 1958 leon portilla 1963 ch ii h b nicholson 1971 pp 410 412 and i nicholson 1959 pp 60 63 almazán 1999 pp 165 166 brumfiel 2001 pp 287 288 301 leon portilla 1963 pp 6 161 162 brumfiel elizabeth m 2001 religion and state in the aztec empire in alcock et al eds empires cambridge cambridge university press p 284 1 2 evans 2008 pp 470 471 1 2 smith michael e 1996 the strategic provinces in aztec imperial strategies washington d c dumbarton oaks pp 1 2 coe 1984 p 170 chimalpahin quauhtlehuanitzin domingo de san anton munon 1997 anderson arthur j o schroeder susan eds codex chimalpahin society and politics in mexico tenochtitlan tlatelolco texcoco culhuacan and other nahua altepetl in central mexico vol 1 norman university of oklahoma press tlacopan world of royalty march 2012 archived from the original on 2014 03 12 offner jerome a 1983 law and politics in aztec texcoco cambridge cambridge university press pp 81 82 offner 1983 p 83 kurtz 1984 p 307 bibliography library resources about aztec empire online books resources in your library resources in other libraries primary sources berdan frances f anawalt patricia rieff 1997 c 1541 the essential codex mendoza university of california press isbn 978 0 520 20454 6 retrieved 2022 07 22 diaz del castillo bernal 2003 1576 the discovery and conquest of mexico cambridge ma da capo press isbn 0 306 81319 x durán diego 1994 c 1581 history of the indies of new spain university of oklahoma press alvarado tezozomoc hernando 1975 c 1598 crónica mexicana mexico city universidad nacional autónoma de mexico secondary sources barnett ronald a 2007 11 01 mesoamerican religious concepts part two mexconnect retrieved 2022 07 20 calnek edward 1978 urbanization of the americas from its beginnings to the present in schaedel r p hardoy j e kinzer n s eds the city state in the basin of mexico the late prehispanic period pp 463 470 davies nigel 1973 the aztecs a history university of oklahoma press evans susan t 2008 ancient mexico and central america archaeology and culture history 2nd edition thames hudson new york isbn 978 0 500 28714 9 hassig ross 1988 aztec warfare imperial expansion and political control university of oklahoma press isbn 0 8061 2121 1 maffie james n d aztec philosophy the internet encyclopedia of philosophy issn 2161 0002 retrieved 2022 07 20 leon portilla miguel 1963 aztec thought and culture a study of the ancient náhuatl mind translated by davis jack e university of oklahoma press pollard h p 1993 tariacuri s legacy university of oklahoma press smith michael 1984 the aztec migrations of nahuatl chronicles myth or history ethnohistory 31 3 153 168 doi 10 2307 482619 jstor 482619 smith michael 2009 the aztecs 2nd edition malden ma blackwell publishing isbn 978 0 631 23015 1 smith m e 2001 the archaeological study of empires and imperialism in pre hispanic central mexico journal of anthropological archaeology 20 3 245 284 doi 10 1006 jaar 2000 0372 soustelle jacques 1964 1955 the daily life of the aztecs english ed london penguin isbn 978 0 486 42485 9 cite book isbn date incompatibility help external links wikimedia commons has media related to aztec aztec gods or deities aztec mythology the gods of the aztecs v t e pre columbian civilizations and cultures americas paleo indians genetic history archaeology cultures indigenous peoples classification north america archaeological periods adena ancestral puebloans anishinaabe caddoan mississippian chichimeca coles creek dorset fremont glades hohokam hopewell tradition marksville mississippian mogollon oshara patayan picosa plaquemine plum bayou poverty point sierra de guadalupe sinagua st johns thule troyville weeden island mesoamerica mesoamerican chronology acolhua altepetl ameca azcapotzalco cabécar calixtlahuaca capacha chalcatzingo chichimeca cholula chupícuaro coclé cocollán cuicuilco diquis epi olmec huastec huetar izapa lenca mezcala mixtec nicarao nicoya nonoalca olmecs pipil purépecha quelepa yarumela shaft tomb tradition teotenango teotihuacan tepanec teuchitlán tlatilco tlaxcaltec toltec altepetl tollan totonac totonacapan veracruz veraguas xaltocan xochipala zapotec south america andean civilizations indigenous peoples cultures of pre cabraline brazil cultures of pre columbian bolivia cultures of pre columbian chile archaeological sites in chile cultures of pre columbian colombia archaeological sites in colombia cultures of pre columbian ecuador cultural periods of peru archaeological sites in peru cultures of pre columbian venezuela el abra amotape arawak atacameño aymara calima cañaris capulí caral supe casma sechin chachapoya chancay chango chanka chavín chimú chinchorro chiripa chorrera cupisnique diaguita gran chaco huetar ichma kalina kuhikugu la tolita tumaco las vegas lauricocha llanos de moxos bolivia lima lokono lupaca luzia manteño huancavilca mapuche marajoara moche mollo monte verde nazca omagua paiján piaroa pucará pucará de tilcara quebrada de humahuaca quimbaya saladoid san agustín shuar sican taíno tairona tierradentro timoto cuica tiwanaku toyopán tuncahuán upano valley valdivia wankarani wari huari zenú aztec maya muisca inca capital tenochtitlan multiple hunza and bacatá cusco language nahuatl mayan languages muysc cubun quechua writing script script numerals numerals quipu religion religion human sacrifice religion human sacrifice religion religion mythology mythology mythology mythology mythology calendar calendar calendar astronomy calendar astronomy mathematics society society society trade economy society warfare warfare warfare warfare army women women women 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