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hiefs of staff unanimously agreed that a full scale attack and invasion was the only solution they believed that the soviets would not attempt to stop the us from conquering cuba kennedy was skeptical they no more than we can let these things go by without doing something they can t after all their statements permit us to take out their missiles kill a lot of russians and then do nothing if they don t take action in cuba they certainly will in berlin 83 kennedy concluded that attacking cuba by air would signal the soviets to presume a clear line to conquer berlin kennedy also believed that us allies would think of the country as trigger happy cowboys who lost berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the cuban situation 84 president kennedy and secretary of defense mcnamara in an excomm meeting 29 october 1962 excomm considered the effect on the strategic balance of power both political and military the joint chiefs of staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance but mcnamara disagreed an extra 40 he reasoned would make little difference to the overall strategic balance the us already had approximately 5 000 strategic warheads 85 but the soviet union had only 300 mcnamara concluded that the soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance in 1990 he reiterated that it made no difference the military balance wasn t changed i didn t believe it then and i don t believe it now 86 it was agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance kennedy had explicitly promised the american people less than a month before the crisis that if cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the united states the united states would act 87 674 681 further us credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if the soviet union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in cuba kennedy explained after the crisis that it would have politically changed the balance of power it would have appeared to and appearances contribute to reality 88 president kennedy meets in the oval office with soviet foreign minister andrei gromyko 18 october 1962 on 18 october 1962 kennedy met soviet minister of foreign affairs andrei gromyko who claimed that the weapons were for defensive purposes only not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the american public 89 kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup 90 operational plans two operational plans oplan were considered oplan 316 envisioned a full invasion of cuba by army and marine units supported by the navy following air force and naval airstrikes army units in the us would have had difficulty fielding mechanised and logistical assets and the us navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armoured contingent from the army oplan 312 primarily an air force and navy carrier operation was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for oplan 316 s ground forces 91 blockade a us navy p 2h neptune of vp 18 flying over a soviet cargo ship with crated il 28s on deck during the cuban crisis 92 kennedy conferred with members of excomm and other top advisers throughout 21 october and considered the two remaining options an air strike primarily against the cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of cuba 90 a full scale invasion was not the administration s first option mcnamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that would leave the us in control the term blockade was problematic according to international law a blockade is an act of war but the kennedy administration did not think that the soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade 93 legal experts at the state department and justice department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification based on the rio treaty for defence of the western hemisphere was obtained from a resolution by a two thirds vote from the members of the organization of american states oas 94 admiral george anderson chief of naval operations wrote a position paper that helped kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a quarantine 95 of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention since it would take place in international waters kennedy obtained the approval of the oas for military action under the hemispheric defence provisions of the rio treaty latin american participation in the quarantine now involved two argentine destroyers which were to report to the us commander south atlantic comsolant at trinidad on november 9 an argentine submarine and a marine battalion with lift were available if required in addition two venezuelan destroyers destroyers arv d 11 nueva esparta and arv d 21 zulia and one submarine caribe had reported to comsolant ready for sea by november 2 the government of trinidad and tobago offered the use of chaguaramas naval base to warships of any oas nation for the duration of the quarantine the dominican republic had made available one escort ship colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the us to discuss this assistance the argentine air force informally offered three sa 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the quarantine operation 96 this initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the organization of american states and the rio treaty such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport the action was to be backed up by surveillance of cuba the cno s scenario was followed closely in later implementing the quarantine on 19 october the excomm formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options and by the afternoon most support in the excomm had shifted to a blockade reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as 21 october the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect the soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles and the us could find itself bombing operational missiles if the blockade had not already forced their removal 97 99 101 speech to the nation president kennedy signing the proclamation for interdiction of the delivery of offensive weapons to cuba at the oval office on 23 october 1962 98 at 3 00 pm edt on 22 october 1962 president kennedy formally established the executive committee excomm with national security action memorandum nsam 196 at 5 00 pm he met congressional leaders who opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response in moscow us ambassador foy d kohler briefed khrushchev on the pending blockade and kennedy s speech to the nation ambassadors around the world gave notice to non eastern bloc leaders before the speech us delegations met canadian prime minister john diefenbaker british prime minister harold macmillan west german chancellor konrad adenauer french president charles de gaulle and secretary general of the organization of american states josé antonio mora to brief them on this intelligence and the us s proposed response all were supportive of the us position over the course of the crisis kennedy had daily telephone conversations with macmillan who was publicly supportive of us actions 99 shortly before his speech kennedy telephoned former president dwight eisenhower 100 kennedy s conversation with the former president also revealed that the two had been consulting during the cuban missile crisis 101 the two also anticipated that khrushchev would respond to the western world in a manner similar to his response during the suez crisis and would possibly wind up trading off clarification needed berlin 101 address on the buildup of arms in cuba kennedy addressing the nation on 22 october 1962 about the buildup of arms on cuba problems playing this file see media help english wikisource has original text related to this article cuban missile crisis at 7 00 pm edt on 22 october kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles he noted it shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the soviet union on the united states requiring a full retaliatory response upon the soviet union 102 kennedy described the administration s plan to halt this offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to cuba is being initiated all ships of any kind bound for cuba from whatever nation or port will if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons be turned back this quarantine will be extended if needed to other types of cargo and carriers we are not at this time however denying the necessities of life as the soviets attempted to do in their berlin blockade of 1948 102 during the speech a directive went out to all us forces worldwide placing them on defcon 3 the heavy cruiser uss newport news was the designated flagship for the blockade 95 with uss leary as newport news s destroyer escort 96 kennedy s speech writer ted sorensen stated in 2007 that the address to the nation was kennedy s most important speech historically in terms of its impact on our planet 103 crisis deepens on 23 october 1962 us air force rf 101a c voodoos and us navy rf 8a crusaders began flying extremely hazardous low level photo reconnaissance missions over cuba 104 105 106 107 108 only once did the cuban air force scramble a mig 19 to attempt a shoot down but the attempt was unsuccessful 109 soviet first secretary khrushchev s letter to kennedy dated 24 october 1962 stating that the blockade of cuba constitute s an act of aggression 110 111 at 11 24 am edt on 24 october a cable from us under secretary of state george ball to the us ambassadors in turkey and nato notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw missiles from italy and turkey in exchange for soviet withdrawal from cuba turkish officials replied that they would deeply resent any trade involving the us missile presence in their country 112 one day later on the morning of 25 october american journalist walter lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column castro reaffirmed cuba s right to self defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and cuba would not allow an inspection 15 international response in the united kingdom prime minister harold macmillan supported kennedy s response the british ambassador to the united states david ormsby gore was a close family friend of the kennedys and actively involved in white house discussions on how to resolve the crisis 113 in west germany newspapers supported the us response by contrasting it with the weak american actions in the region during the preceding months they also expressed some fear that the soviets might retaliate in berlin the west german government was supportive of the blockade 114 in france on 23 october the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers the next day an editorial in le monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the cia s photographic evidence two days later after a visit by a high ranking cia agent the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs french president charles de gaulle gave kennedy his full support but he viewed the crisis as a demonstration of europe s vulnerability to superpower conflict 115 on 24 october pope john xxiii sent a message to the soviet embassy in rome to be transmitted to the kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace in this message he stated we beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity that they do all that is in their power to save peace 116 three days after kennedy s speech the chinese people s daily announced that 650 000 000 chinese men and women were standing by the cuban people 117 the crisis coincided with the sino indian war with china launching a surprise attack on india at the himalayan border the organization of american states oas backed the united states naval quarantine condemned the soviet missile buildup in cuba and voted to take measures to prevent more offensive weapons from reaching cuba 118 in the 29 october issue of le figaro raymond aron wrote in support of the american response 119 soviet broadcast and communications the crisis continued unabated and on the evening of 24 october 1962 the soviet tass news agency broadcast a telegram from khrushchev to kennedy in which khrushchev warned that the united states outright piracy would lead to war 120 khrushchev then sent at 9 24 pm a telegram to kennedy which was received at 10 52 pm edt khrushchev stated if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion you will understand that the soviet union cannot afford not to decline the despotic demands of the usa the soviet union viewed the blockade as an act of aggression and their ships would be instructed to ignore it 111 after 23 october soviet communications with the us increasingly showed indications of having been rushed undoubtedly a result of pressure it was not uncommon for khrushchev to repeat himself and to send messages lacking basic editing 121 with president kennedy making known his aggressive intentions of a possible airstrike followed by an invasion on cuba khrushchev sought a diplomatic compromise communications between the two superpowers had entered a new and revolutionary period with the threat of mutual destruction now accompanying the deployment of nuclear weapons 122 us alert level raised adlai stevenson shows aerial photos of cuban missiles to the united nations 25 october 1962 the us requested an emergency meeting of the united nations security council on 25 october and ambassador to the united nations adlai stevenson confronted soviet ambassador valerian zorin and challenged him to admit the existence of the missiles ambassador zorin refused to answer at 10 00 pm edt the next day the us raised the readiness level of strategic air command sac forces to defcon 2 for the only confirmed time in us history b 52 bombers were put on continuous airborne alert b 47 medium bombers were dispersed to military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off fully equipped at 15 minutes notice 123 one eighth of sac s 1 436 bombers were on airborne alert some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles some of which targeted cuba were placed on alert 124 air defense command adc redeployed 161 nuclear armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours with one third on 15 minute alert status 91 twenty three nuclear armed b 52 bombers were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the soviet union to demonstrate that the us was serious 125 jack j catton later estimated that about 80 per cent of sac s planes were ready for launch ...
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