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ice under direct presidential control 6 the niss was officially codified by the national security forces act of 1999 which not only ratified its existence but also perpetuated its exceptional powers and lack of oversight 6 7 a subsequent national security act in 2010 during an interim peace period retained these broad powers despite calls to curtail the agency s mandate by law niss officers had powers of arrest search seizure and could detain individuals for prolonged periods in the name of national security 8 9 throughout bashir s 30 year rule niss emerged as the most powerful arm of the regime eclipsing the military s own intelligence wing in domestic matters 10 niss effectively functioned as sudan s secret police tasked with silencing political opposition and rebellion it conducted widespread domestic surveillance censored media and ran a network of detention centers known for torturing regime opponents infamous ghost houses 10 the agency also kept close watch over government institutions and even other security organisations a deliberate strategy to prevent any single power center from challenging al bashir 10 military intelligence within the army continued to operate focusing on military affairs and internal army discipline but it was closely monitored by niss and largely subordinated in the realm of internal security al bashir fostered rivalry between the army s military intelligence niss and other forces as a coup proofing measure giving them overlapping responsibilities and separate lines of command 10 crucially the regime integrated various paramilitary and militia forces into the intelligence security nexus in the second sudanese civil war and later conflicts military intelligence and niss coordinated counterinsurgency operations often using proxy militias during the darfur conflict niss officers notably major general salah gosh who became niss director in 2004 were deeply involved in organising and directing the janjaweed militias and other counter insurgency campaigns 11 as international pressure grew over darfur genocide niss simultaneously positioned itself as a global intelligence player for instance gosh cultivated ties with the cia by sharing valuable intelligence on al qaeda and other islamists sudan had hosted osama bin laden in the 1990s and sudanese mukhabarat had amassed detailed files on his network 11 by the mid 2000s it is widely accepted that in addition to its domestic operations the niss ran operations and agents throughout the middle east north africa and western europe the secretive organisation s most well known operation was its massive intelligence network in iraq which it was able to build by recruiting foreign fighters passing through khartoum on their way to iraq citation needed domestically niss was regularised as a fighting force by 2008 with its officers granted military ranks and the agency taking formal command of multiple paramilitary units 10 at this time niss became the parent organisation of the newly created rapid support forces rsf a paramilitary force officially formed in 2013 out of the janjaweed militias 10 12 the rsf led by mohamed hamdan dagalo hemedti was deployed as an internal shock force in conflict zones darfur south kordofan blue nile and as a praetorian guard for al bashir 10 hemedti a close ally of al bashir was even nicknamed hemayti my protector by the president 10 during al bashir s era several figures became synonymous with sudan s intelligence establishment salah abdallah salah gosh stands out as niss director 2004 2009 and again 2018 2019 13 he was regarded as the regime s most feared enforcer 14 under gosh niss orchestrated crackdowns on civil society and engineered ruthless responses to protests such as using live ammunition on demonstrators in 2018 19 11 earlier nafie ali nafie was another key architect he headed internal security in the 1990s and was known for establishing the regime s notorious torture centers nafie later served as a top presidential advisor these men along with other niss and military intelligence chiefs used the tools of surveillance and coercion to keep bashir in power for decades by fragmenting the security sector army niss police and paramilitaries checking each other bashir ensured that the intelligence apparatus remained loyal to him personally 10 sudanese transition to democracy 2019 2021 edit on 11 april 2019 a massive civilian uprising and pressure from within the security forces led to omar al bashir s ouster it was bashir s own security chiefs including military and niss leaders who ultimately forced him to step down 10 15 including gosh who was replaced by lt gen abu bakr mustafa on 14 april 2019 16 17 after the coup sudan s new transitional military council tmc the de facto executive power in sudan moved swiftly to reorganise the intelligence apparatus responding to protesters demands to dismantle the deep state of the old regime 18 the tmc dissolved the niss and announced the formation of a rebranded agency the general intelligence service gis in july 2019 19 20 official reasons cited for the name rebranding included coping with the political change in the country and becoming more professional in protecting the country and safeguarding its national security against very complicated threats 21 the gis was essentially the successor to niss but with promises on paper of reform including a stated focus on information gathering rather than political repression the notorious operations division of niss which had been responsible for much of the heavy handed internal security operations was slated for disbandment niss personnel were given options to retire or to be absorbed into the regular army or the rsf 11 according to the washington post most of the former niss agents chose neither to remain in gis nor to accept the option to join alternative sudanese armed services and instead to accept a monetary package the initially proposed value of the severance pay was around us 2 500 and was later reduced to around us 250 19 on 14 january 2020 several of the former niss agents angry at the reduced value of the severance mutinied 20 19 15 government security forces regained control of the rebelling former niss employees within several hours hemetti of the sovereignty council attributed responsibility for the mutiny to former niss head salah gosh who had fled abroad and stated that the mutiny should not be considered to be a coup attempt the washington post interpreted the incident as probably a haphazard show of anger by frustrated corps members who are now out of a job rather than an attempt to overthrow the regime 19 the head of gis abu bakr mustafa resigned as a result of the event 15 under the subsequent civilian military transitional government 2019 2021 efforts were made to draft new security legislation to place the gis under civilian oversight and curtail its arrest powers in practice however the gis headed by generals such as abu bakr dambalab and later lt gen jamal abdelmajeed and lt gen ahmed mufaddal 22 remained dominated by the military establishment the agency continued to conduct internal intelligence and counter intelligence though with somewhat lower profile during the transition it still monitored political activities and maintained surveillance on potential saboteurs while pledging to respect the law more than its predecessor notably inter service dynamics persisted the rsf now an officially recognised force developed its own intelligence wing and often acted independently 23 while the army s military intelligence department regained a central role in shaping security policy following al bashir s fall 2021 coup and civil war edit on 25 october 2021 sudan s military led by gen abdel fattah al burhan and rsf chief hemedti staged a coup that ended the civilian led transition 24 this put the intelligence apparatus fully back under military control the gis under al burhan s rule has reportedly resumed some of the practices of niss including detention of leaders of the resistance committees and other protest leaders and surveillance of activists 25 26 the rsf initially a partner to the military during the coup later became a rival on 15 april 2023 fighting erupted between the rsf and the sudanese armed forces saf this schism within sudan s security organs is rooted partly in al bashir era fragmentation 27 military intelligence directorate edit as outlined above the military intelligence has been part and separate from the civilian branch of the intelligence sometimes named by news outlets interchangeably 28 since 1992 the military intelligence operates under the military intelligence directorate arabic هيئة الاستخبارات العسكرية mid overseen by the military the mid has been accused of committing human right abuses during the civil war 2023 present 29 30 the current director is lit gen mohamed ali ahmed sabir who was sanctioned by the eu on 16 december 2024 for harassment arbitrary arrests and detention of members of civil society as well as acts of sexual and gender based violence and torture 31 see also edit tsimdo 2024 military alliance in africa references edit sudan appoints new director of general intelligence sources www usnews com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 security for all reforming sudan s national security services pdf redress september 2009 1 2 sudan capabilities and loyalties of the military pdf cia december 1982 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sudan security organizations flags maps economy history climate natural resources current issues international agreements population social statistics political system photius com retrieved 26 may 2025 post sudans 13 july 2023 ex sudanese first vice president dies sudans post retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 university of glasgow research research units a z network on intelligence and security practices in african countries list of african intelligence agencies www gla ac uk retrieved 26 may 2025 document amnesty org retrieved 22 april 2019 caryl christian 3 october 2012 an idealist on death row foreign policy retrieved 21 february 2015 the sudanese secret police the notorious national intelligence and security services niss howden daniel 28 june 2012 has the arab spring now spread to sudan the independent retrieved 21 february 2015 and the hated secret police the niss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sudan s uprising the fall of a dictator journal of democracy retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 3 4 salah gosh and the survival of sudan s old regime jamestown org retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan s rsf pledges to liberate rebel stronghold in south kordofan sudan tribune 10 june 2014 retrieved 5 january 2016 the militia was activated and restructured again in august last year under the command of niss wheeler skye 14 august 2009 sudan president replaces intelligence chief reuters retrieved 5 january 2016 factbox leading sudanese security figures reuters 15 april 2019 retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 3 sudan army quells khartoum mutiny by pro bashir troops bbc 14 january 2020 retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan s military council names new intelligence chief france 24 14 april 2019 retrieved 22 april 2019 sudan s intelligence chief salah gosh resigns military council middle east eye retrieved 22 april 2019 sudan s military holds talks with protesters as curfew lifted aljazeera com retrieved 22 april 2019 1 2 3 4 gallopin jean baptiste 19 january 2020 analysis sudan s military shut down a mutiny what does that mean for the democratic transition the washington post issn 0190 8286 retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 sudan government forces quell armed protest by security agents www aljazeera com tmc renames niss to general intelligence service the sudanese media center smc sd archived from the original on 29 january 2020 retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan appoints new director of general intelligence sources u s news 27 november 2021 intelligence service rapid support forces rapidsupportforce com retrieved 26 may 2025 salih zeinab mohammed beaumont peter 25 october 2021 sudan s army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister the guardian issn 0261 3077 retrieved 26 may 2025 sudantribune 2 september 2023 sudan reinstates gis s special operations forces sudan tribune retrieved 26 may 2025 sudantribune 10 may 2024 sudan strengthens intelligence service powers sudan tribune retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan army and rsf battle over key sites leaving 56 civilians dead 15 april 2023 retrieved 26 may 2025 camille 11 july 2023 sudan military intelligence continues to detain critical voices dabanga radio tv online retrieved 26 may 2025 musab 10 september 2023 sudan blue nile region military intelligence unit of the sudanese army at the forefront of human rights violations in al damazin town african centre for justice and peace studies camille 19 june 2023 military intelligence continues to detain activists in sudan dabanga radio tv online retrieved 26 may 2025 sudantribune 18 december 2024 sudan condemns eu sanctions on military intelligence chief sudan tribune retrieved 26 may 2025 v t e national intelligence agencies foreign intelligence afghanistan gdi albania shish algeria drs angola sie argentina side armenia nss austria hnaa australia asis azerbaijan xkx bahrain nsa bangladesh nsi belarus kgb rb belgium adiv sgrs bosnia and herzegovina osa oba botswana dis brazil abin brunei brd bulgaria dar cameroon bmm canada csis chad ans chile ani china mss congo democratic republic of anr croatia soa cuba di czech republic úzsi denmark fe djibouti bsrg ecuador senain egypt mukhabarat estonia efis ethiopia niss finland supo france dgse gambia sis georgia gis germany bnd ghana bni bgu rdu greece eyp hungary ih india raw indonesia bin iran vaja iraq inis ireland imis israel mossad italy aise ivory coast nsc japan nib jordan gid kazakhstan syrbar kenya nis kyrgyzstan ukmk kuwait kss latvia sab liberia nsa lithuania vsd lebanon gdgs libya mj malaysia meio mexico cisen moldova sis mongolia gia montenegro anb morocco dged mozambique sise netherlands aivd new zealand nzsis nigeria nia north korea rgb north macedonia anb norway e tjenesten oman palace office pakistan isi palestine gis papua new guinea nio philippines nica poland aw portugal sied qatar qss romania sie russia svr saudi arabia gip serbia bia sierra leone cisu singapore sid slovakia sis slovenia sova somalia nisa south africa ssa south korea nis spain cni sri lanka sis sudan gis sweden ksi switzerland ndb syria gis taiwan nsb tajikistan gknb tanzania tiss thailand nia togo nia tunisia tia turkey mi̇t turkmenistan mns uganda eso ukraine szru united arab emirates sia united kingdom sis mi6 united states cia uzbekistan sss vietnam tc2 domestic intelligence afghanistan gdi algeria css angola sinse argentina side armenia nss australia asio austria dsn azerbaijan dtx bangladesh sb belarus kgb rb belgium vs se bosnia and herzegovina sipa botswana dis brazil pf brunei ird bulgaria dans burundi snr canada csis chad dgssie chile ani china mss colombia dni congo democratic republic of anr croatia 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