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te account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 innovations 2 herod s temple 3 herod s palace fortresses 4 herodian masonry 5 list of major herodian building projects 6 see also 7 notes 8 references toggle references subsection 8 1 books 8 2 films toggle the table of contents herodian architecture 3 languages العربية فارسی português edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia building style named after herod the great the enclosure of the cave of the patriarchs hebron this large rectangular enclosure around the famous caves is the only herodian structure to survive fully intact herodian architecture is a style of classical architecture characteristic of the numerous building projects undertaken during the reign 37 4 bc of herod the great who ruled judaea as a client kingdom of the roman empire herod undertook many colossal building projects most famously his reconstruction of the temple in jerusalem c 19 bc many of his structures were built upon comparable previous hasmonean buildings and most of his have in their turn vanished as well herod s architectural endeavors are distinguished by their strategic placement to maximize dramatic vistas evident in locations such as the northern palace at masada the third palace at jericho the seaside palace at caesarea and the herodium near the desert s edge many of his projects often combined multiple purposes incorporating ceremonial and administrative spaces storage water facilities baths swimming pools and fortifications emphasis was also placed on integrating water features and greenery utilizing local materials like kurkar in caesarea and limestone in desert regions concurrently herod imported exotic materials such as volcanic sand from italy for caesarea and employed foreign craftsmen for intricate decorations and the opus reticulatum technique 1 innovations edit herod introduced numerous architectural innovations and construction techniques in his buildings such as the domes inside the double gate to the temple mount he adapted the mikveh a jewish ritual bath for use as the frigidarium in the roman style bathhouses in his many palaces herod also developed an innovative combination of palace and fortress examples include the antonia fortress in jerusalem the herodium in the judean desert about 2 miles south of bethlehem 2 and masada characteristically they have or had one tower higher and stronger than the others herod s fortification innovations strongly influenced the military architecture of subsequent generations in line with contemporary jewish customs herod generally avoided the representation of human and animal figures even in the closed and private parts of his palaces but there were a few exceptions herod s palace reportedly had bronze figures probably animals through which water was dispensed 3 towards the end of his reign herod erected a golden eagle above the gate of the temple this caused some outrage within the city and several youths removed and destroyed the eagle they were subsequently executed 4 herod s temple edit main article second temple herod s temple in the eighteenth year of his reign 20 19 bc herod rebuilt the second temple in jerusalem on a more magnificent scale 5 the new temple was finished in a year and a half although work on out buildings and courts continued another eighty years to comply with jewish religious laws of purity herod employed a thousand priests as masons and carpenters for the rebuilding the finished temple which was to a great extent destroyed by the romans in 70 ad is often referred to as herod s temple the wailing wall western wall in jerusalem was for many years the only section accessible of the four retaining walls whose construction was begun by herod to create a flat platform on the temple mount upon which his temple was constructed recent findings suggest that the temple mount walls and robinson s arch may not have been completed until at least 20 years after his death during the reign of herod agrippa ii 6 this platform and the retaining walls are still the present foundations of the haram al sharif with the aqsa mosque 7 circular reference and the dome of the rock 8 herod s palace fortresses edit aerial view of the acropolis of herodium herod constructed several lavish palace fortresses within his kingdom his palace at herodium 12 km south of jerusalem rose to a height of about 45 meters 9 he also built palace fortresses in jerusalem masada and caesarea maritima herodian masonry edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2022 learn how and when to remove this message detail of the distinctive pattern of herodian stone dressing as seen in the western wall tunnel herod s massive building projects featured a distinctive style of stone dressing this stone dressing method usually featuring the pale local meleke limestone was so prominently practiced in herod s day that it has led to such terms as herodian blocks herodian masonry herodian dressing and the like it makes herodian stones easily discernible from the earlier stone courses below and later ones above in the surviving walls at many sites best known is the example of the impressive retaining walls of the temple mount readily visible at the western wall enormous quantities of stone were needed for these structures and the remains of the numerous quarries used can still be found especially in the vicinity of jerusalem s old city notably those to the north known as solomon s quarries freeing the stones from the bedrock was an elaborate process wide grooves were chiseled with metal tools around the intended stone block the block was then freed up by driving metal wedges into the grooves the initial dressing of the stone was probably accomplished on site before transport many of these stones were very large weighing between two and five tons the largest found in the western wall tunnel measures some 12 8 meters in length 3 4 meters high and 4 3 meters deep it weighs about 660 tons once moved to the building site further fine chiseling was done and the blocks were hauled into place using ramps cranes and crow bars the stones were laid in dry courses typically about 1 meter high without the use of any mortar each course was set 3 to 5 cm back from the course underneath it final dressing and refinements were carried out once the stones had been set in place the huge rectangular building blocks laid in horizontal courses feature flat projecting central portions bosses surrounded by narrow shallow dressed margins marginal drafts creating a finely chiseled frame like effect the depressed frame is sunk some 2 centimeters below the smooth face of the stone and its average width is about 8 centimeters a wide toothed chisel was used to smooth the stone margins the origins of this margin cutting style predate herod as witnessed by the hellenistic architecture of alexandria asia minor and greece itself as well as by examples in the levant e g the palace of the sons of tuvia at iraq el amir in jordan near amman dating from at least the 3rd century bc examples of pre herodian margin stone cutting are also attested in jerusalem itself at the tower of david the paza el tower in the first city wall and in the hasmonean tower unearthed in the jewish quarter authentic herodian masonry includes examples at the sites at hebron elonei mamre 10 the cave of machpelah in the augusteum in sebastia and possibly also in the herodian platform at caesarea maritima in jerusalem in addition to the temple mount herodian stones are preserved beneath the damascus gate it has been observed that this distinctive stone dressing style serves as a decorative theme on second temple period ossuaries found in the jerusalem area list of major herodian building projects edit model of herod s temple renovation of the second temple in the israel museum herod s palace in jerusalem last quarter 1st century bc the temple mount jerusalem ca 19 bc herod s temple western wall western wall tunnel western stone robinson s arch antonia fortress royal stoa jerusalem roman public facilities jerusalem 1st century bc theater amphitheater hippodrome remains have been found but not much is known 11 renovation of the pool of siloam jerusalem water channel jerusalem pilgrim road the royal complex at herodium last quarter 1st century bc the palace fortress the lower herodium complex herod s tomb the palace fortress at masada 37 15 bc machaerus hasmonean fortress rebuilt by herod in 30 bc antipatris named by herod in memory of his father antipater cypros palace near jericho named by herod in memory of his mother cypros alexandrium a hasmonean palace which herod rebuilt lavishly caesarea maritima with its palace and harbor 25 13 bc cave of the patriarchs sebaste now sebastia at nablus which herod restored and expanded three winter palaces jericho starting 36 bc three temples dedicated to augustus 12 at sebaste caesarea and panias with the last identified with omrit see also edit architecture portal meleke notes edit rozenberg silvia mevorah david muzeʼon yiśraʼel jerusalem eds 2013 herod the great the king s final journey jerusalem the israel museum pp 163 165 isbn 978 965 278 414 8 oclc 841453525 on the historical circumstances of the building of herodium see jonathan bourgel roi porat herodium as a reflection of herod s policy in judea and idumea zeitschrift des deutschen palästina vereins 135 2 2019 188 209 levine p 200 cf josephus war 5 4 levine p 180 cf josephus ant 17 6 temple of herod jewish encyclopedia building the western wall herod began it but didn t finish it december 2011 israel antiquities authority retrieved 9 november 2014 al aqsa dome_of_the_rock netzer ehud r porat y kalman and r chachy herodium herod the great the king s final journey jerusalem 2013 126 161 mamre archaeological site in the middle of hebron visitpalestine 2015 10 10 retrieved 2016 08 15 lee ian 16 october 2017 ancient roman theater unearthed next to jerusalem s western wall cnn retrieved 3 april 2019 levine p 168 rocca pp 377 378 rocca opines it is interesting to note however that the only gentile temples erected inside the kingdom were dedicated to the imperial cult it is possible that herod did so in order to please augustus without offending his jewish subjects references edit books edit connolly peter 1983 living in the time of jesus of nazareth oxford university press this popular treatment includes many excellent illustrations and diagrams of herod s buildings levine l i 2002 jerusalem portrait of the city in the second temple period philadelphia jewish publication society netzer ehud 2006 the architecture of herod the great builder tübingen mohr siebeck richardson p 1996 herod king of the jews and friend of the romans columbia university of south carolina press pp 174 191 201 202 rocca s 2008 herod s judaea a mediterranean state in the classical world texts and studies in ancient judaism 122 tübingen mohr siebeck roller d w 1998 the building program of herod the great berkeley university of california press films edit herod s lost tomb 2008 national geographic society in addition to examining netzer s purported find of herod s tomb most of herod s large projects are reconstructed in cgi v t e history of architecture architectural timeline history of construction bce neolithic vernacular mesopotamian nabataean ancient egyptian aegean minoan mycenaean etruscan classical ancient greek ancient roman herodian achaemenid 1st millennium sasanian byzantine islamic umayyad moorish abbasid fatimid medieval scandinavian pre romanesque carolingian anglo saxon 1000 1500 romanesque galician ottonian norman east slavic kievan rus muscovite indian hoysala vijayanagara western chalukya islamic great seljuk anatolian seljuk architecture mamluk timurid ottoman indo islamic romano gothic gothic early gothic high gothic rayonnant flamboyant english early english decorated perpendicular sondergotik venetian mudéjar incan aztec renaissance 1500 1750 plateresque manueline mannerist english tudor elizabethan jacobean palladian colonial dutch spanish portuguese mughal sikh french provincial baroque andean czech dutch earthquake english french italian maltese petrine elizabethan naryshkin portuguese siberian ukrainian 1750 1900 industrial british rococo revivalism byzantine russo byzantine serbo byzantine colonial revival dutch colonial revival egyptian gothic greek mayan mediterranean mission monumentalism neo baroque neoclassical moorish revival neo mudéjar mughal manueline pueblo queen anne britain america and australia renaissance romanesque rundbogenstil romanian russian spanish colonial territorial tudor venetian gothic revival art nouveau jugendstil liberty style modern style modernisme ukrainian swiss chalet beaux arts victorian carpenter gothic collegiate gothic bristol byzantine richardsonian romanesque second empire 1900 1950 rationalism mycenaean modern edwardian prairie school expressionism cubism de stijl bauhaus constructivism new objectivity totalitarianism imperial crown rationalist fascist nazi stalinist international style functionalism futurism organicism art deco architecture streamline moderne zigzag moderne stripped classicism postconstructivism pwa moderne googie mid century modern 1950 2000 brutalism soviet modernism structuralism new khmer postmodern blobitecture high tech arcology critical regionalism neo futurism art deco revival 2000 present neo chinese deconstructivism neomodern new classical contemporary regional chinese islamic english indian dravidian hindu iranian irish japanese korean mesoamerican maya newari portuguese russian scottish spanish somali welsh yemeni retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title herodian_architecture oldid 1348036030 categories jews and judaism in the roman empire ancient sites in jerusalem archaeological sites in israel architectural history architectural styles former buildings and structures in israel herod the great herodian dynasty second temple temple mount 1st century bc architecture hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles lacking reliable references articles lacking reliable references from september 2025 all articles containing circular references articles needing additional references from may 2022 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 10 april 2026 at 09 10 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is 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