Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, and, the, german, war, crisis, russian, 1914, serbian, to, 1911, 1912, 1913, drivers, policy, causes, europe, 1887, domestic, factors, race, historiography, sources, by, realignment, austria, hungary, france, russia, entente, in, isolation, balkan, 14, anglo, world, contents, immediate, polarization, political, imperialism, social, darwinism, arms, technical, military, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, assassination, archduke, franz, ferdinand, nationalists, 28, june, july, 1892, french, distrust, germany, british, alignment, towards, 1898, 1907, triple, first, moroccan, 1905, 06, strengthening, bosnian, 1908, worsening, relations, serbia, with, agadir, morocco, italo, turkish, ottomans, wars, growth, power, franco, alliance, changes, inception, scenario, liman, von, sanders, affair, détente, austro, hungarian, politics, italian, global, closure, impact, colonial, rivalry, aggression, on, pre, imperial, opportunism, role, businesses, financial, institutions, naval, interests, balkans, ottoman, empire, short, illusion, primacy, offensive, timetable, primary, lenin, interpretation, other, views,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1453), and (591), war (450), that (203), was (200), world (186), 1914 (138), germany (133), for (130), #german (113), isbn (98), first (93), #france (92), russia (91), with (83), 978 (82), from (77), austria (76), its (71), history (70), hungary (65), russian (63), crisis (58), empire (57), origins (55), serbia (54), were (52), europe (51), military (49), edit (49), italy (48), britain (48), had (48), doi (47), needed (47), would (46), battle (45), not (45), great (44), which (44), british (43), french (42), press (42), but (42), policy (41), alliance (41), entente (40), into (40), citation (39), italian (38), european (38), power (37), ottoman (36), powers (36), 1918 (36), july (36), new (35), between (35), all (34), causes (33), wars (33), other (33), anglo (33), 1912 (33), international (33), clark (32), foreign (31), balkan (30), against (28), 1911 (28), university (28), after (28), historical (27), treaty (27), race (27), they (27), imperial (27), also (27), offensive (26), triple (26), naval (26), online (26), cambridge (26), one (25), 2013 (25), jstor (25), main (25), before (25), historiography (24), united (24), states (24), 1913 (24), balkans (24), their (24), have (24), retrieved (23), kingdom (23), diplomatic (23), however (23), been (23), historians (22), social (22), austro (22), over (22), second (21), 1917 (21), century (21), arms (21), 2014 (21), since (21), serbian (21), political (20), long (20), peace (20), archived (20), who (20), expansion (20), page (19), von (19), conflict (19), years (19), more (19), london (19), hungarian (19), two (19), among (19), this (18), revolution (18), security (18), relations (18), 000 (18), some (18), there (18), article (17), economic (17), turkish (17), major (17), macmillan (17), politics (17), berlin (17), during (17), support (17), system (16), franco (16), john (16), march (16), 2004 (16), 2015 (16), richard (16), government (16), may (15), modern (15), leaders (15), 1920 (15), assassination (15), 1907 (15), journal (15), army (15), such (15), eastern (14), plans (14), entry (14), 1905 (14), documents (14), vol (14), outbreak (14), end (14), mobilization (14), 2017 (14), hamilton (14), both (14), colonial (14), nations (14), still (14), factors (14), made (14), about (13), articles (13), 2021 (13), william (13), pre (13), 1915 (13), eds (13), isolation (13), 2007 (13), role (13), original (13), bismarck (13), began (13), many (13), than (13), could (13), only (13), when (13), territories (13), view (12), sources (12), debate (12), fischer (12), historian (12), study (12), agadir (12), africa (12), 1904 (12), holger (12), michael (12), ended (12), aims (12), imperialism (12), christopher (12), ferguson (12), darwinism (12), territorial (12), any (12), became (12), nationalists (12), important (12), navy (12), morocco (12), last (11), august (11), june (11), short (11), polish (11), 1919 (11), american (11), bulgaria (11), general (11), three (11), east (11), italians (11), germans (11), national (11), 1908 (11), 1870 (11), williamson (11), mulligan (11), review (11), 2307 (11), herwig (11), 1984 (11), see (11), 521 (11), balance (11), his (11), austrian (11), because (11), might (11), franz (11), overseas (11), september (10), western (10), 19th (10), year (10), studies (10), central (10), agreement (10), diplomacy (10), strong (10), has (10), 1898 (10), 1871 (10), routledge (10), april (10), struggle (10), david (10), went (10), financial (10), state (10), global (10), independent (10), ferdinand (10), million (10), most (10), moroccan (10), toggle (9), wikipedia (9), terms (9), wayback (9), theory (9), english (9), civil (9), front (9), books (9), north (9), black (9), primary (9), strategic (9), 1916 (9), italo (9), free (9), leading (9), inevitable (9), part (9), did (9), public (9), 2022 (9), how (9), argues (9), argued (9), russians (9), capital (9), interests (9), those (9), led (9), even (9), later (9), use (8), 2016 (8), org (8), thesis (8), early (8), nationalism (8), cult (8), invasion (8), agreements (8), belgium (8), impact (8), independence (8), conflicts (8), october (8), serb (8), bosnian (8), machine (8), gooch (8), 1903 (8), opinion (8), 2018 (8), schroeder (8), 1997 (8), york (8), taylor (8), order (8), alfred (8), summer (8), martin (8), 1999 (8), decisions (8), sleepwalkers (8), empires (8), time (8), forces (8), george (8), sanders (8), agreed (8), are (8), out (8), sought (8), through (8), defeat (8), wrote (8), thus (8), them (8), came (8), opposed (8), increased (8), changes (8), ally (8), itself (8), 1887 (8), under (7), cs1 (7), https (7), capitalism (7), thought (7), middle (7), genocide (7), responsibility (7), galicia (7), late (7), paris (7), sea (7), albania (7), country (7), nationalist (7), warfare (7), 1921 (7), armistice (7), attack (7), james (7), encyclopedia (7), mombauer (7), 1972 (7), large (7), map (7), recent (7), affairs (7), book (7), events (7), paul (7), place (7), scholars (7), seen (7), countries (7), 2011 (7), 1991 (7), rise (7), 1878 (7), further (7), changed (7), towards (7), term (7), 1945 (7), lenin (7), now (7), cause (7), hand (7), following (7), rather (7), therefore (7), without (7), each (7), while (7), consequences (7), secret (7), supported (7), well (7), known (7), caused (7), believe (7), lands (7), subsection (7), search (6), age (6), robert (6), russo (6), men (6), japanese (6), soviet (6), prussian (6), japan (6), conference (6), territory (6), bulgarian (6), third (6), poland (6), baghdad (6), south (6), african (6), persia (6), culture (6), way (6), annika (6), publishing (6), 1967 (6), 2006 (6), contemporary (6), jack (6), 135 (6), another (6), fight (6), especially (6), serbs (6), house (6), included (6), antagonism (6), divided (6), 54530 (6), vienna (6), archive (6), importance (6), next (6), space (6), closure (6), then (6), allies (6), can (6), based (6), suggested (6), force (6), called (6), own (6), action (6), although (6), influence (6), royal (6), natural (6), described (6), rivalries (6), clear (6), alignment (6), cordiale (6), left (6), official (6), bosnia (6), drivers (6), joined (6), dual (6), archduke (6), link (5), links (5), unsourced (5), statements (5), 2025 (5), missing (5), information (5), society (5), development (5), science (5), geography (5), pact (5), guilt (5), question (5), rebellion (5), fall (5), change (5), people (5), case (5), ottomans (5), occupations (5), montenegro (5), greater (5), campaign (5), 1900 (5), victory (5), grand (5), principal (5), prior (5), samuel (5), office (5), tension (5), armaments (5), eve (5), 1111 (5), 120 (5), november (5), 1177 (5), 147 (5), necessary (5), 1093 (5), 129 (5), consensus (5), what (5), decision (5), 2012 (5), mark (5), why (5), class (5), 2020 (5), habsburg (5), 1848 (5), scholarly (5), basic (5), 2003 (5), 1933 (5), 1890 (5), failed (5), random (5), dreadnought (5), margaret (5), 1983 (5), 312 (5), 115 (5), high (5), 1080 (5), fried (5), 140 (5), 117 (5), started (5), 1906 (5), cite (5), und (5), lloyd (5), details (5), mode (5), 2up (5), future (5), limited (5), kaiser (5), fritz (5), liman (5), believed (5), growing (5), few (5), result (5), approach (5), challenged (5), should (5), ethnic (5), declared (5), mobilisation (5), clash (5), efforts (5), upon (5), quickly (5), moltke (5), encouraged (5), concluded (5), statesmen (5), fear (5), expected (5), strengthening (5), response (5), sense (5), growth (5), gains (5), competition (5), focus (5), revolutionary (5), immediate (5), races (5), like (5), need (5), slavs (5), direct (5), decades (5), weltpolitik (5), détente (5), desire (5), ultimatum (5), unification (5), sentiment (5), pro (5), domestic (5), caprivi (5), reinsurance (5), move (5), contents (4), commons (4), category (4), maint (4), location (4), publisher (4), related (4), list (4), revisionist (4), controversy (4), council (4), christianity (4), background (4), friedrich (4), historicity (4), canada (4), australia (4), day (4), famine (4), death (4), armenian (4), brest (4), litovsk (4), persian (4), patriotic (4), era (4), 18th (4), collapse (4), views (4), writing (4), source (4), ukrainian (4), prussia (4), mediterranean (4), 1899 (4), 1923 (4), revolt (4), 1910 (4), belgrade (4), february (4), siege (4), anti (4), sarajevo (4), home (4), lowe (4), dockrill (4), mirage (4), frontier (4), asia (4), together (4), 1928 (4), volume (4), making (4), near (4), strachan (4), hew (4), alan (4), essays (4), levy (4), 134 (4), just (4), ehr (4), 2002 (4), 155 (4), keiger (4), 1017 (4), hewitson (4), analysis (4), full (4), present (4), intervention (4), reading (4), start (4), 1958 (4), spender (4), stokes (4), fifty (4), 2538637 (4), strategy (4), planning (4), sean (4), 2nd (4), 2010 (4), road (4), 1902 (4), 2009 (4), 2000 (4), 462 (4), 570 (4), grey (4), series (4), 2027 (4), hdl (4), congress (4), wargelin (4), penguin (4), harpercollins (4), 219922 (4), ashgate (4), help (4), 242 (4), law (4), strength (4), 1993 (4), imperialist (4), nation (4), mission (4), ideas (4), sterling (4), division (4), stage (4), 151 (4), 1885 (4), possible (4), wilhelm (4), otto (4), edward (4), failure (4), straits (4), 2538636 (4), inside (4), she (4), far (4), single (4), launched (4), fact (4), once (4), speaking (4), traditional (4), moving (4), took (4), mediation (4), decided (4), neutral (4), taking (4), wanted (4), avoid (4), gain (4), continental (4), millions (4), secretary (4), stated (4), recognized (4), longer (4), tended (4), population (4), position (4), very (4), magazine (4), parties (4), every (4), reserves (4), key (4), played (4), across (4), viewed (4), 130 (4), destined (4), down (4), trade (4), used (4), crises (4), discussed (4), land (4), seeking (4), colonies (4), five (4), established (4), having (4), lorraine (4), despite (4), factor (4), good (4), signed (4), convention (4), helped (4), driven (4), rivalry (4), felt (4), doom (4), relatively (4), become (4), slavic (4), actors (4), herzegovina (4), challenge (4), joining (4), democratic (4), minister (4), claimed (4), liberal (4), monarchy (4), mussolini (4), back (4), her (4), demanded (4), remained (4), shared (4), cabinet (4), whether (4), formed (4), ambassador (4), threat (4), eventually (4), 1879 (4), realignment (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), table (3), site (3), agree (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), template (3), language (3), date (3), publications (3), myth (3), protestant (3), technology (3), schools (3), islamic (3), criticism (3), work (3), primacy (3), peter (3), industrial (3), perspectives (3), charles (3), others (3), alexander (3), georgian (3), post (3), dispute (3), palestine (3), pacific (3), nazi (3), occupied (3), spirit (3), uprising (3), period (3), plan (3), peoples (3), union (3), macedonia (3), india (3), greece (3), china (3), region (3), rule (3), tradition (3), critical (3), research (3), constitutional (3), cultural (3), money (3), systems (3), human (3), big (3), scale (3), features (3), archives (3), theories (3), bucharest (3), economy (3), constantinople (3), usa (3), allied (3), casualties (3), conscription (3), weapons (3), romanian (3), revolutions (3), belligerent (3), operation (3), ypres (3), kosovo (3), prelude (3), 1880 (3), republic (3), romania (3), participants (3), west (3), evidence (3), too (3), external (3), occupation (3), 1897 (3), arbitration (3), neutrality (3), detailed (3), memoirs (3), identity (3), 1086 (3), leonard (3), beyond (3), influential (3), palgrave (3), stability (3), counterfactuals (3), 1962 (3), 142 (3), historiographical (3), 114 (3), trial (3), continues (3), directions (3), problem (3), kramer (3), keene (3), jennifer (3), jones (3), frederick (3), old (3), 2001 (3), stevenson (3), 1988 (3), snyder (3), 146 (3), 108 (3), 1995 (3), otte (3), harvard (3), 674 (3), van (3), evera (3), stephen (3), princeton (3), mcmeekin (3), 1981 (3), excerpt (3), 8129 (3), 9470 (3), cedric (3), combined (3), lieven (3), points (3), december (3), tirpitz (3), herrmann (3), berchtold (3), delcassé (3), fay (3), sidney (3), hall (3), mdp (3), oclc (3), luigi (3), niall (3), marvin (3), life (3), 268 (3), 175 (3), 2023 (3), idea (3), www (3), special (3), railway (3), 159 (3), churchill (3), ratzel (3), duke (3), january (3), mackinder (3), group (3), southeastern (3), freemasonry (3), com (3), thayer (3), antonio (3), connor (3), bang (3), acquisition (3), libya (3), prevent (3), unexpected (3), 118 (3), avenge (3), better (3), soon (3), aggressive (3), generally (3), according (3), instead (3), ever (3), deep (3), within (3), broke (3), essential (3), deliberately (3), turn (3), goals (3), fisher (3), conclusion (3), hostilities (3), blamed (3), equally (3), aggression (3), perceived (3), troops (3), ensure (3), met (3), threatened (3), take (3), begin (3), partial (3), assumed (3), put (3), enough (3), largely (3), turned (3), smaller (3), mobilize (3), successfully (3), along (3), border (3), begun (3), timetable (3), defensive (3), pressure (3), strike (3), advantage (3), complex (3), generals (3), famously (3), again (3), true (3), planned (3), including (3), done (3), otherwise (3), suggest (3), technical (3), petersburg (3), access (3), internal (3), admiral (3), adopted (3), building (3), decisive (3), nearly (3), half (3), expanded (3), four (3), 1909 (3), disarmament (3), concerned (3), tried (3), hague (3), opportunity (3), example (3), matter (3), serve (3), status (3), justified (3), rivals (3), chief (3), much (3), regarded (3), 1884 (3), image (3), right (3), often (3), bankers (3), allowed (3), borders (3), make (3), lose (3), markets (3), marks (3), away (3), received (3), leadership (3), argument (3), secure (3), mind (3), movement (3), 20th (3), around (3), these (3), beginning (3), capitalist (3), created (3), creation (3), export (3), formation (3), institutions (3), prompted (3), intent (3), isolated (3), notably (3), appeared (3), opportunism (3), showing (3), toward (3), control (3), 1890s (3), aim (3), associated (3), particularly (3), ultimately (3), provinces (3), due (3), chaos (3), words (3), situation (3), resulted (3), same (3), unity (3), expense (3), event (3), considered (3), irredentism (3), partly (3), irredentist (3), achieved (3), act (3), deeply (3), must (3), incorporated (3), reaction (3), former (3), side (3), populated (3), wing (3), join (3), dynasty (3), feel (3), federzoni (3), certain (3), where (3), dalmatia (3), trentino (3), alto (3), adige (3), whose (3), actions (3), dominated (3), party (3), radical (3), decline (3), added (3), significant (3), powerful (3), chance (3), moreover (3), threatening (3), less (3), inception (3), throughout (3), protect (3), nothing (3), ministers (3), create (3), refused (3), defeated (3), weakened (3), interventionists (3), tensions (3), annexation (3), alignments (3), 1894 (3), revenge (3), alsace (3), belief (3), 1882 (3), sets (3), polarization (3), tools (3), add (2), languages (2), conduct (2), contact (2), privacy (2), text (2), available (2), additional (2), using (2), non (2), rendered (2), categories (2), 2019 (2), 2024 (2), containing (2), errors (2), needing (2), number (2), citations (2), description (2), geographic (2), historiographic (2), documentary (2), heritage (2), gunpowder (2), gun (2), transmission (2), heroic (2), ethic (2), catholic (2), biblical (2), des (2), proto (2), muhammad (2), islam (2), opposition (2), religion (2), knowledge (2), colonialism (2), ages (2), library (2), bears (2), topics (2), lord (2), scott (2), medieval (2), judaism (2), religious (2), darwin (2), netherlands (2), warren (2), grant (2), thomas (2), brazil (2), louis (2), chiang (2), younger (2), hitler (2), syrian (2), cold (2), sovereignty (2), iran (2), iraq (2), six (2), nakba (2), 1948 (2), guilty (2), pius (2), relation (2), bombing (2), winter (2), massacres (2), poles (2), broad (2), narrow (2), spanish (2), reichstag (2), versailles (2), schlieffen (2), genocides (2), game (2), point (2), 1815 (2), eighty (2), ukraine (2), switzerland (2), rome (2), ireland (2), ethiopia (2), croatia (2), continuity (2), thirty (2), periodization (2), translatio (2), narratives (2), earth (2), specific (2), philosophy (2), significance (2), historic (2), preservation (2), quantitative (2), civilisation (2), anthropology (2), comparative (2), histoire (2), school (2), approaches (2), business (2), environment (2), oral (2), local (2), service (2), records (2), secondary (2), area (2), treaties (2), saint (2), jean (2), sazonov (2), greek (2), refugees (2), armenia (2), enemy (2), administration (2), civilian (2), horses (2), 1922 (2), lithuanian (2), rising (2), darfur (2), asian (2), senussi (2), hundred (2), days (2), marne (2), river (2), raid (2), spring (2), capture (2), bug (2), battles (2), gallipoli (2), masurian (2), lakes (2), christmas (2), tsingtao (2), tangier (2), portuguese (2), hejaz (2), propaganda (2), popular (2), fronts (2), aftermath (2), moral (2), england (2), gary (2), bbc (2), getting (2), brose (2), eric (2), armament (2), 269 (2), 330 (2), 100 (2), 103 (2), 211 (2), 429 (2), revelations (2), harold (2), temperley (2), testing (2), rapprochment (2), negotiation (2), belligerents (2), ross (2), bloomsbury (2), vasquez (2), 623 (2), meaning (2), 150 (2), 2538909 (2), 439 (2), 1979 (2), guerre (2), 713 (2), catastrophe (2), 757 (2), 4039 (2), unavoidable (2), conditions (2), reconsidered (2), ritter (2), gerhard (2), 538 (2), 666 (2), ceu139 (2), 639 (2), desirable (2), interpretations (2), 1977 (2), 309 (2), means (2), 174 (2), 17104 (2), 1611 (2), heather (2), emphasis (2), companion (2), multi (2), 30036938 (2), evans (2), 287 (2), coverage (2), download (2), 226 (2), turner (2), 1970 (2), norton (2), 393 (2), 1954 (2), mastery (2), oxford (2), keith (2), education (2), stavrianos (2), borrow (2), 1453 (2), matthew (2), chapters (2), militarism (2), remak (2), joachim (2), 204 (2), 187 (2), descent (2), neiberg (2), belknap (2), bid (2), arno (2), coming (2), overview (2), 136 (2), 69611 (2), multiple (2), responsible (2), counterbalancing (2), kennedy (2), 317 (2), kemal (2), 253 (2), belleten (2), 687 (2), reich (2), 139 (2), martel (2), gordon (2), hobson (2), 1875 (2), reassessment (2), wilhelmine (2), 606 (2), 1982 (2), arming (2), 1936 (2), 1938 (2), 438 (2), 133 (2), théophile (2), bradshaw (2), sides (2), emperors (2), carroll (2), malcolm (2), prentice (2), 1866 (2), 1931 (2), 1927 (2), lost (2), justice (2), introduction (2), month (2), 034622 (2), purpose (2), pdf (2), strategies (2), 320 (2), 345 (2), 1969 (2), entanglements (2), lambert (2), nicholas (2), misinterpreted (2), 491 (2), northern (2), hinsley (2), progress (2), wide (2), passed (2), raising (2), thereby (2), learning (2), leslie (2), policies (2), policymakers (2), leopold (2), für (2), geschichte (2), 394 (2), archiv (2), weikart (2), 316 (2), 61235 (2), discourse (2), schubert (2), 399 (2), patterns (2), 1895 (2), 2710024 (2), telegraph (2), 152 (2), civilization (2), rowman (2), littlefield (2), overy (2), blood (2), chapel (2), boom (2), winston (2), planetary (2), 2005 (2), herz (2), hill (2), max (2), reves (2), 113 (2), 1901 (2), vacher (2), lapouge (2), chapter (2), theater (2), come (2), our (2), heffernan (2), twentieth (2), kearns (2), gerry (2), closed (2), practice (2), halford (2), fin (2), siècle (2), geographical (2), pupin (2), constructing (2), firstworldwar (2), guerra (2), italiani (2), scottà (2), genovesi (2), piergiovanni (2), italia (2), 1861 (2), 167 (2), 137 (2), 1789 (2), renewed (2), 1888 (2), 760 (2), 121 (2), 758 (2), 2010224 (2), 154 (2), 149 (2), 143 (2), 145 (2), 125 (2), sontag (2), raymond (2), 160 (2), 1930 (2), mansion (2), speech (2), today (2), panther (2), 157 (2), 324 (2), 101 (2), 214 (2), 205 (2), armageddon (2), 9781389913839 (2), 131 (2), will (2), 2538961 (2), dilemma (2), 2009958 (2), 2010183 (2), 107 (2), references (2), happened (2), notes (2), achieve (2), share (2), blame (2), indeed (2), explanations (2), fully (2), arose (2), goal (2), academic (2), arguing (2), conservative (2), intense (2), agrees (2), immediately (2), solely (2), meanwhile (2), primarily (2), linguistic (2), threats (2), radicals (2), equipment (2), issue (2), complexity (2), brought (2), halt (2), speed (2), preparations (2), measures (2), effect (2), learned (2), mobilise (2), holding (2), significantly (2), carried (2), options (2), latter (2), prewar (2), impossible (2), schedules (2), massive (2), disruption (2), proceed (2), overtures (2), being (2), joffre (2), held (2), initiative (2), armed (2), either (2), typically (2), rail (2), seemed (2), risks (2), hoped (2), asquith (2), shall (2), lengthy (2), illusion (2), expanding (2), anatolia (2), conquest (2), ships (2), increasing (2), dreadnoughts (2), kept (2), 148 (2), tonnage (2), reached (2), hard (2), standing (2), total (2), gave (2), battleship (2), fleet (2), debated (2), buildup (2), never (2), cartoon (2), emperor (2), signatories (2), reinforcing (2), heightened (2), precipitate (2), imminent (2), trigger (2), regular (2), numbers (2), various (2), effectiveness (2), months (2), none (2), 1870s (2), small (2), already (2), stronger (2), largest (2), set (2), young (2), send (2), common (2), members (2), instrument (2), useful (2), compared (2), cut (2), circumstances (2), senior (2), existence (2), saw (2), staff (2), concerns (2), welfare (2), provision (2), intellectuals (2), impetus (2), assertiveness (2), aimed (2), competing (2), colonization (2), characterized (2), violence (2), name (2), survival (2), fittest (2), interdependent (2), escalate (2), governments (2), commercial (2), profits (2), investment (2), losses (2), industrialists (2), chancellor (2), logical (2), reasons (2), ambitions (2), simultaneously (2), services (2), currency (2), remaining (2), yet (2), colonized (2), semi (2), declining (2), completed (2), themselves (2), developed (2), compete (2), form (2), areas (2), appetite (2), ports (2), play (2), bank (2), whole (2), monopoly (2), presence (2), interpretation (2), businesses (2), scene (2), peaceful (2), almost (2), disputes (2), guaranteed (2), drive (2), lacking (2), protectorate (2), wish (2), paved (2), twofold (2), improving (2), channeled (2), intensified (2), hostility (2), unintended (2), defend (2), revanchism (2), course (2), assertive (2), consequence (2), isolate (2), objections (2), officials (2), strongly (2), waged (2), acted (2), drawing (2), collision (2), suddenly (2), waiting (2), hour (2), blank (2), implied (2), consolidation (2), resulting (2), similar (2), outlet (2), maintain (2), forever (2), centuries (2), destroyed (2), provided (2), head (2), engage (2), desperate (2), necessity (2), dreams (2), found (2), given (2), provoking (2), won (2), backing (2), disastrous (2), always (2), backed (2), piedmont (2), feared (2), fears (2), annexed (2), crown (2), historically (2), universal (2), league (2), furious (2), giolitti (2), firmly (2), entered (2), negotiations (2), peninsula (2), saying (2), traditionally (2), interest (2), aristocratic (2), warned (2), awaited (2), sacrifice (2), garibaldi (2), warn (2), able (2), socialists (2), journalist (2), gabriele (2), annunzio (2), precisely (2), theme (2), fourth (2), develop (2), irredent (2), julian (2), reason (2), perspective (2), demonstration (2), supporter (2), widely (2), argue (2), successful (2), complained (2), leader (2), strengthen (2), administered (2), amid (2), karl (2), decade (2), hungarians (2), hostile (2), integrity (2), possibility (2), mid (2), embolden (2), option (2), cisleithania (2), galician (2), provoke (2), diplomat (2), arthur (2), nicolson (2), waters (2), arrangement (2), seems (2), understanding (2), taken (2), officer (2), addition (2), corps (2), affair (2), accept (2), character (2), viewing (2), wages (2), casus (2), 1900s (2), limits (2), scenario (2), recovered (2), occur (2), success (2), guarantee (2), warning (2), followed (2), asked (2), withdrawal (2), responded (2), eight (2), complied (2), damage (2), initially (2), likely (2), get (2), port (2), comply (2), give (2), pushed (2), captured (2), interior (2), province (2), tripolitania (2), vilayet (2), comic (2), results (2), tragic (2), concentrate (2), communications (2), until (2), strengthened (2), obtained (2), reinforced (2), isolationists (2), deeper (2), ties (2), encourage (2), worsening (2), spain (2), content (2), provide (2), unfriendly (2), pose (2), realized (2), principally (2), boer (2), informal (2), fell (2), wary (2), legacy (2), distrust (2), thing (2), include (2), secured (2), personal (2), alliances (2), 1881 (2), 1892 (2), understand (2), enemies (2), knew (2), whom (2), wife (2), heir (2), dead (2), assassins (2), gavrilo (2), princip (2), remains (2), clashes (2), escalated (2), incident (2), shortly (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, you, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, webarchive, excerpts, different, index, php, title, causes_of_world_war_i, oldid, 1370454713, multimedia
Text of the page (random words):
were usually indicated as such julian march with the city of fiume trentino alto adige and dalmatia the italian irredentism movement which aimed at the reunification of the aforementioned with the motherland and therefore their consequent redemption was active precisely between the last decades of the 19th century and the early 20th century it was precisely in the irredentist sphere that the theme of the need for a fourth italian war of independence against austria hungary began to develop in the last decades of the 19th century 76 77 when italy was still firmly incorporated in the triple alliance also the italo turkish war was seen in the irredentist context as part of this theme 78 in italy society was divided over the war italian socialists generally opposed the war and supported pacifism while nationalists militantly supported the war long time nationalists gabriele d annunzio and luigi federzoni together with a former socialist journalist and new convert to nationalist sentiment future fascist dictator benito mussolini demanded that italy join the war for nationalists italy had to maintain its alliance with the central powers to gain colonial territories at the expense of france for the liberals the war presented italy a long awaited opportunity to use an alliance with the triple entente to gain certain italian populated and other territories from austria hungary which had long been part of italian patriotic aims since unification in 1915 relatives of italian revolutionary and republican hero giuseppe garibaldi died on the battlefield of france where they had volunteered to fight federzoni used the memorial services to declare the importance of italy joining the war and to warn the monarchy of the consequences of continued disunity in italy if it did not italy has awaited this since 1866 her truly a national war to feel unified at last renewed by the unanimous action and identical sacrifice of all her sons today while italy still wavers before the necessity imposed by history the name of garibaldi resanctified by blood rises again to warn her that she will not be able to defeat the revolution save by fighting and winning her national war luigi federzoni 1915 79 mussolini used his new newspaper il popolo d italia and his strong oratorical skills to urge a broad political audience ranging from right wing nationalists to patriotic revolutionary leftists to support italy s entry into the war to gain back italian populated territories from austria hungary by saying enough of libya and on to trento and trieste 79 although the left was traditionally opposed to war mussolini claimed that this time it was in their interest to join the war to tear down the aristocratic hohenzollern dynasty of germany which he claimed was the enemy of all european workers 80 mussolini and other nationalists warned the italian government that italy must join the war or face revolution and called for violence against pacifists and neutralists 81 with nationalist sentiment firmly on the side of reclaiming italian territories of austria hungary italy entered negotiations with the triple entente the negotiations ended successfully in april 1915 when the london pact was brokered with the italian government the pact ensured italy the right to attain all italian populated lands it wanted from austria hungary as well as concessions in the balkan peninsula and suitable compensation for any territory gained by the united kingdom and france from germany in africa 82 the proposal fulfilled the desires of italian nationalists and italian imperialism and was agreed to italy joined the triple entente in its war against austria hungary the reaction in italy was divided former prime minister giovanni giolitti was furious over italy s decision to go to war against its former allies germany and austria hungary giolitti claimed that italy would fail in the war predicting high numbers of mutinies austro hungarian occupation of even more italian territory and that the failure would produce a catastrophic rebellion that would destroy the liberal democratic monarchy and the liberal democratic secular institutions of the state 83 freemasonry was an influential semi secret force in italian politics with a strong presence among professionals and the middle class across italy as well as among the leadership in parliament public administration and the army the two main organization were the grand orient and the grand lodge of italy they had 25 000 members in 500 or more lodges freemasons took on the challenge of mobilizing the press public opinion and the leading political parties in support of italy s joining the war as an ally of france and great britain in 1914 15 they temporarily dropped their traditional pacifistic rhetoric and adopted the objectives of the nationalists freemasonry had historically promoted cosmopolitan universal values and by 1917 onwards they reverted to their internationalist stance and pressed for the creation of a league of nations to promote a new post war universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations 84 drivers of serbian policy edit the principal aims of serbian policy were to consolidate the russian backed expansion of serbia in the balkan wars and to achieve dreams of a greater serbia which included the unification of lands with large ethnic serb populations in austria hungary including bosnia 85 one important factor was the idea that serbia was to be the piedmont of the balkans the core land that would unite all south slavs into a single state just like piedmont sardinia had done during the italian risorgimento however the unexpected emergence of an independent principality of bulgaria in 1878 challenged serbia s monopoly on yugoslavism and a fierce regional competition with the bulgarians began 86 87 serbian bulgarian rivalry between 1878 and 1914 caused several wars between what were ironically supposedly south slavic brethren 86 87 after bulgaria incorporated eastern rumelia in 1885 king milan i of serbia feared that bulgaria would annex macedonia and decided to wage the serbo bulgarian war 1885 to prevent it although the serbs suffered a great defeat 86 inside serbia there was a strong sense of a loss of opportunity in the southeastern balkans and there were fears that belgrade might forever lose its chances of uniting the western balkans as well as austria hungary already incorporated the later territories of slovenia and croatia first occupied bosnia and herzegovina in 1878 and then annexed them as a crown land in 1908 86 87 underlying that was a culture of extreme nationalism and a cult of assassination which romanticized the slaying of the ottoman sultan murad i as the heroic epilogue to the otherwise disastrous battle of kosovo on 28 june 1389 clark states the greater serbian vision was not just a question of government policy however or even of propaganda it was woven deeply into the culture and identity of the serbs 85 famed serbian american scientist michael pupin for example in july 1914 explicitly connected the battle of kosovo a natural heritage of every true serb to franz ferdinand s assassination he wrote that the battle s memory always served as a reminder to the serbs that they must avenge the wrongs perpetrated upon their race 88 serbian policy was complicated by the fact that the main actors in 1914 were both the official serb government led by nikola pašić and the black hand terrorists led by the head of serb military intelligence known as apis the black hand believed that a greater serbia would be achieved by provoking a war with austria hungary by an act of terror the war would be won with russian backing citation needed the official government position was to focus on consolidating the gains made during the exhausting balkan war and to avoid further conflicts that official policy was temporized by the political necessity of simultaneously and clandestinely supporting dreams of a greater serbian state in the long term 89 the serbian government found it impossible to put an end to the machinations of the black hand for fear it would itself be overthrown clark states serbian authorities were partly unwilling and partly unable to suppress the irredentist activity that had given rise to the assassinations in the first place 90 russia tended to support serbia as a fellow slavic state considered serbia its client and encouraged serbia to focus its irredentism against austria hungary because it would discourage conflict between serbia and bulgaria another prospective russian ally in macedonia citation needed imperialism edit see also new imperialism global closure edit the global space for imperial expansion ended c 1900 91 all contemporary empires reached their last frontier later the event was called global closure 92 93 94 writing in the late 19th century kang youwei josiah strong and george vacher de lapouge stressed that imperial expansion cannot indefinitely proceed on the definite earth surface and therefore empires are destined to clash for world domination 95 96 97 98 the more nations become conscious of global spatial relations wrote another contemporary friedrich ratzel the more they engage in the struggle for space 99 and in a narrow space the struggle becomes desperate 100 after the world wars many scholars offered similar explanations edward carr causally linked the end of the overseas outlet for imperial expansion and the wars in the 19th century he wrote during the second world war imperialist wars were waged against primitive peoples it was silly for european countries to fight against one another when they could still maintain social cohesion by continuous expansion in asia and africa since 1900 however this has no longer been possible the situation has radically changed now wars are between imperial powers 101 the anatomy of peace 1945 of emery reves argued expansion is forever closed and the historic trend of expansion resulted in direct collision between the remaining powers 102 in another 1945 book the precarious balance on centuries of the european power struggle ludwig dehio explained the durability of the european states system by its overseas expansion overseas expansion and the system of states were born at the same time the vitality that burst the bounds of the western world also destroyed its unity 103 in a similar thesis the overseas world provided european empires with an enormous outlet and thus prevented europe from unifying into a single european empire the european powers turned their exceeding energies outward and the internal european power was balanced correspondingly when the space for expansion ended these powers became destined for head on collisions 104 hans morgenthau wrote that the imperial expansion into relatively empty periphery in the 18th and 19th centuries deflected great power politics thereby reducing conflict but by the late 19th century the consolidation of western empires was consummated and territorial gains could only be made at the expense of one another 105 john h herz outlined one chief function of the overseas expansion and the impact of its end a european balance of power could be maintained or adjusted because it was relatively easy to divert european conflicts into overseas directions and adjust them there thus the openness of the world contributed to the consolidation of the territorial system the end of the world frontier and the resulting closedness of an interdependent world inevitably affected the system s effectiveness 106 michael heffernan summarized the view for some commentators the passing of the 19th century seemed destined to mark the end of this long era of european empire building the unexplored and unclaimed blank spaces on the world map were rapidly diminishing and the sense of global closure prompted an anxious fin de siècle debate about the future of the great empires the closure of the global imperial system implied the beginning of a new era of intensifying inter imperial struggle along borders that now straddled the globe 94 the prevalence of historical forces over human agency is reflected in memoirs of those who waged world war i 107 nations churchill associated acted as planetary bodies drawing each other into due collision with diplomacy helpless to prevent cosmos from plunging into chaos 108 with their nations slithering over the brink into the boiling cauldron of war in the words of david lloyd george statesmen felt standing on a planet that had been suddenly wrenched from its orbit and was spinning wildly into the unknown lloyd george described the waiting on august 4 1914 for the hour of the ultimatum to germany as britain s most fateful hour since she arose out of the deep boom was big ben s signal to hurl millions to their doom the big clock echoed like the hummer of destiny doom doom doom 109 110 impact of colonial rivalry and aggression on the pre 1914 europe edit world empires and colonies around 1914 imperial rivalry and the consequences of the search for imperial security or for imperial expansion had important consequences for the origins of world war i in view of richard overy the origins of both world wars can only be understood through the prism of the fresh drive to empire since the 1870s 111 imperial rivalries among france britain russia and germany played an important part in the creation of the triple entente and the relative isolation of germany imperial opportunism in the form of the italian attack on ottoman libyan provinces also encouraged the balkan wars of 1912 13 which changed the balance of power in the balkans to the detriment of austria hungary citation needed some historians such as margaret macmillan believe that germany created its own diplomatic isolation in europe in part by an aggressive and pointless imperial policy known as weltpolitik others such as clark believe that german isolation was the unintended consequence of a détente among britain france and russia the détente was driven by britain s desire for imperial security in relation to france in north africa and to russia in persia and india citation needed either way the isolation was important because it left germany few options but to ally itself more strongly with austria hungary leading ultimately to unconditional support for austria hungary s punitive war on serbia during the july crisis citation needed german isolation edit european officials staking claims to africa in the berlin conference 1884 otto von bismarck disliked the idea of an overseas empire but supported france s colonization in africa because it diverted the french away from continental europe and revanchism after 1870 germany s new course in foreign affairs weltpolitik world policy was adopted in the 1890s after bismarck s dismissal its aim was ostensibly to transform germany into a global power through assertive diplomacy the acquisition of overseas colonies and the development of a large navy citation needed some histor...
|
