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nrique bermúdez comandante franklin fdn cúpula of 6 regional commanders arde and frente sur a comandante blas yatama steadman fagoth misura dates active 1979 1990 groups fdn arde frente sur yatama misura active regions nicaragua b ideology anti communism right wing populism conservatism 2 isbn missing capitalism 3 isbn missing political position right wing size 16 000 1986 4 wars cold war contra war flag used by the contras rn stands for resistencia nicaragüense part of a series on anti communism history conflicts and military engagements revolutions and violence after 1917 russia white movement basmachi finland whites hungary germany chinese civil war spanish civil war bando nacional world war ii and aftermath axis powers anti comintern pact collaboration eastern front anti soviet insurgencies yugoslav front chetniks post war period in germany resistance in poland 1944 1989 greek civil war reverse course malayan emergency korean war indochina wars vietnam war central american crisis new order afghan conflict afghan mujahideen operation cyclone revolutions of 1989 repression and mass killings white terror russia pogroms hungary china spain greece taiwan finnish civil war prison camps first red scare palmer raids kantō massacre shanghai massacre the holocaust bodo league massacre guatemalan genocide indonesian mass killings of 1965 66 operation condor 1981 1982 iran massacres east timor genocide miscellaneous mccarthyism decommunization russia ukraine embargo against cuba 2026 cuban crisis ideologies anti imperialism anti marxism christian democracy class collaboration conservatism authoritarian neo libertarian fascism nazism neo para post islamism liberalism classical cold war neo radical personal ideologies bolsonarism carlism carlo francoism chiangism dutertismo fujimorism khomeinism metaxism maurrassisme orthodox peronism pahlavism pinochetism reaganism thatcherism trumpism nationalisms afghan american americanism business chinese republic of china french révolution nationale hong kong hungarian szeged idea indonesian pancasila korean ilminism polish romanian russian spanish national catholicism taiwanese huadu ukrainian natsdems vietnamese person dignity theory prominent figures activists cohn sasakawa intellectuals buckley chambers friedman john paul ii kristol maurras orwell pius xii rand sakharov savarkar solzhenitsyn sowell politicians adenauer angleton ankrah antonescu armas artime bandera batista begin bolsonaro bordaberry boris iii brzezinski bush castelo branco chiang churchill cruz dollfuss dubček dulles duterte duvalier françois duvalier jean claude eisenhower franco fujimori goldwater habre habyarimana hácha havel hirohito hitler hoover horthy jackson johnson kennedy khomeini kishi kohl kolchak lacerda lee k y macarthur mannerheim marcos mccarthy mcnamara médici menzies metaxas mihailović milei mobutu montt mulroney mussolini nagy nedić ngo nicholas ii nixon nol pahlavi ii palmer papadopoulos park pavelić pétain piłsudski pinochet poroshenko reagan rhee rubio sann saakashvili salazar savimbi selassie smith stroessner suharto thanom thatcher tiso truman trump tunku videla wałęsa weinberger yeltsin political parties constitution party croatian democratic union democratic party united states democratic progressive party democratic republican party south korea european people s party european conservatives and reformists fet y de las jons free costa rica movement golkar greater japan patriotic party herstigte nasionale party independent anti communist party of the west kataeb party katipunan ng demokratikong pilipino khmer people s national liberation front khmer power party khmer serei kuomintang historical now factions la libertad avanza law and justice liberal democratic party japan liberal party brazil south korea liberty korea party national fascist party national will party nazi party orjuna progress of the fatherland party ratniks renamo republican party of chile republican party united states social republican party sumka tacuara nationalist movement turkistan islamic party unamo union of bulgarian national legions unita vmro dpmne organisations anti communist action anti communist volunteer militia argentine anticommunist alliance armata neagră black cat group brigade 2506 bugojno group cia activities indonesia italy japan vietnam chetniks chushi gangdruk citizens home army contras democratic revolutionary alliance eagles of the central hills eoka falun gong the epoch times forest guerrillas free joseon freedom and independence association freikorps international anticommunist entente international democracy union iron front john birch society league of ukrainian nationalists lithuanian activist front lithuanian liberty army mojahedin of the islamic revolution organization mongoose gang muslim brotherhood iicc mano blanca nato national anti communist front national committee of defense against communism national revolutionary army nawaphon new guard ntf elcac paix et liberté pancasila youth patrianovism pro libertate propaganda due royal lao government in exile secret anti communist army slovene chetniks slovene home guard society guard taiwan foundation for democracy taiwan garrison command ukrainian galician army ukrainian insurgent army ukrainian people s militsiya united nations partisan infantry korea victims of communism memorial foundation vullnetari world league for freedom and democracy by region insurgencies in central and eastern europe china japan tenkō uyoku dantai taiwan green terror laws and systems bans on communist symbols domestic laws anti socialist laws law on the protection of the state peace preservation law temporary provisions taiwan national security act south korea decree against communism suppression of communism act 1950 communist control act of 1954 ukrainian decommunization laws anti infiltration act crucial communism teaching act concepts and terminology atompunk communazi communist bandit domino theory free world free china homo sovieticus ich bin ein berliner idionymon new class prometheism red baiting soviet empire evil empire speech sovok tear down this wall terruqueo tibla yestonians see also anti lgbtq rhetoric lavender scare anti national sentiments chinese prc jewish judeo bolshevism north korean russian soviet vietnamese anti anti communism anti stalinist left atheophobia capitalism authoritarian cold war post second comparison of nazism and stalinism totalitarianism liberal hawk pro americanism pro roc sentiment red scare red baiting red triangle u s policy towards authoritarianism western bloc communism portal politics portal v t e the contras from spanish contrarrevolucionarios lit counter revolutionaries were the anti communist rebels who waged a guerrilla war against the marxist sandinista national liberation front fsln and the junta of national reconstruction which came to power after the nicaraguan revolution in 1979 the insurgency against the sandinista government lasted from 1979 until 1990 and was one of the highest profile conflicts of the cold war 5 in july 1979 the fsln took control of the capital managua after weeks of heavy fighting the president at the time anastasio somoza debayle fled the country and relinquished control of the central government leaving the sandinistas in power the sandinistas created a junta that acted as an interim government immediately after 6 various groups were created in response to this consisting of dissidents of the new government and members of the former national guard these groups would regularly meet and establish the contras in 1980 7 during the insurgency the united states and several other countries provided military assistance and financial aid to the contras in 1981 the cia and argentina s secretariat of intelligence persuaded several contra groups to unite into the larger nicaraguan democratic force fdn in 1982 the boland amendment was passed to end u s aid to the contras yet the reagan administration continued to illegally fund the contras which resulted in a scandal known as the iran contra affair by 1987 most of the contra militias had united into the nicaraguan resistance within which the nicaraguan democratic force was the largest group during the war the contras tactics featured terrorism and human rights violations against civilians 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 the reagan administration contended that the contras tactics did not include deliberate attacks against civilians 15 the cia said that contra terrorism resulted from the poor discipline characteristic of irregular forces that terrorism was not an official military doctrine of the contras and that the contra leader responsible comandante suicida was executed 15 the global terrorism database reports that contras carried out more than 1 300 terrorist attacks 16 after a cutoff in u s military support and with both sides facing international pressure to bring an end to the conflict the contras agreed to negotiations with the fsln with the help of five central american presidents including daniel ortega then president of nicaragua the sides agreed that a voluntary demobilization of the contras should start in early december 1989 they chose this date to facilitate free and fair elections in nicaragua in february 1990 history edit origins edit the contras were not a monolithic group but a combination of three distinct elements of nicaraguan society 17 ex guardsmen of the nicaraguan national guard and other right wing figures who fought in anastasio somoza garcía s government before somoza s government collapsed in 1979 17 the guardsmen later comprised a significant portion of the nicaraguan democratic force fdn the largest contra organization 18 remnants of the guard later formed groups such as the fifteenth of september legion the anti sandinista guerrilla special forces and the national army of liberation citation needed initially however these groups were small and conducted little active raiding into nicaragua 19 anti somoza activists who supported the revolution but felt betrayed by the sandinista government 17 such as édgar chamorro a member of the fdn s political directorate 20 and josé francisco cardenal who briefly served in the council of state before leaving nicaragua following a disagreement with the sandinista government s policies and founding the nicaraguan democratic union udn an opposition group of nicaraguan exiles based in miami 21 another example was milpas milicias populares anti sandinistas a peasant militia led by disillusioned sandinista veterans from the northern mountains founded by pedro joaquín gonzález known as dimas the milpistas were also known as chilotes green corn following dimas death milpas bands emerged in 1980 and 1981 the milpistas were composed largely of campesino peasant highlanders and rural workers 22 23 24 25 nicaraguans who had avoided direct involvement in the revolution but opposed the sandinistas 17 main groups edit contra commandos from fdn and arde in the nueva guinea region of nicaragua in 1987 members of arde in september 1981 the cia and argentina s intelligence agency seeking to unify the anti sandinista cause before initiating large scale aid persuaded 15 september legion the udn and several former smaller groups to merge as the nicaraguan democratic force which was known in spanish as fuerza democrática nicaragüense and was often referred to as fdn a spanish acronym 26 the fdn was led by enrique bermudez its military commander who led its war efforts against the sandinistas and adolfo calero portocarrero a nicaraguan businessman who opposed the somoza regime and led its political directorate 27 édgar chamorro later said that the udn opposed working with the guardsmen and that the merging only took place because of insistence by the cia 28 based in honduras nicaragua s northern neighbor under the command of former national guard colonel enrique bermúdez the new fdn began recruiting other smaller insurgent forces in the north citation needed largely financed trained equipped armed and organized by the u s 29 it emerged as the largest and most active contra group 30 in april 1982 edén pastora comandante cero one of the heroes in the fight against somoza organized the sandinista revolutionary front frs embedded in the democratic revolutionary alliance arde 31 and declared war on the sandinista government 32 himself a former sandinista who had held several high posts in the government he had resigned abruptly in 1981 and defected 32 believing that the newly found power had corrupted the sandinistas original ideas 31 a popular and charismatic leader pastora initially saw his group develop quickly 32 he confined himself to operate in the southern part of nicaragua 33 after a press conference he was holding on 30 may 1984 was bombed he voluntarily withdrew from the contra struggle 31 a third force misurasata appeared among the miskito mayangna and rama amerindian peoples of nicaragua s atlantic coast who in december 1981 found themselves in conflict with the authorities following the government s efforts to nationalize indian land in the course of this conflict forced removal of at least 10 000 indians to relocation centers in the interior of the country and subsequent burning of some villages took place 34 the misurasata movement split in 1983 with the breakaway misura group of stedman fagoth muller which aligned more closely with the fdn and the rest accommodating themselves with the sandinistas on 8 december 1984 a ceasefire agreement known as the bogota accord was signed by misurasata and the nicaraguan government 35 a subsequent autonomy statute in september 1987 largely defused miskito resistance 36 unity efforts edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2025 learn how and when to remove this message u s officials were active in attempting to unite the contra groups in june 1985 most of the groups reorganized as the united nicaraguan opposition uno under the leadership of adolfo calero arturo cruz and alfonso robelo each of whom opposed the sandinista revolution after uno s dissolution early in 1987 the nicaraguan resistance rn was organized along similar lines in may u s military and financial assistance edit see also cia activities in nicaragua united states involvement in regime change 19th century 1893 overthrow of the hawaiian kingdom 1898 1902 occupation of cuba 1898 1899 occupation of the philippines puerto rico and guam 20th century 1901 1959 1903 separation of panama from colombia 1906 1909 occupation of cuba 1912 1933 occupation of nicaragua 1913 ten tragic days 1914 occupation of veracruz 1915 1934 occupation of haiti 1916 1924 occupation of the dominican republic 1945 1949 american occupation zone in germany 1945 1955 american occupation zone in austria 1945 1952 occupation of japan 1945 1948 occupation of korea 1953 iranian coup d état 1954 guatemalan coup d...
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