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space sport and exercise suicidology systems trading traffic concepts behavior behavioral engineering behavioral genetics behavioral neuroscience cognition competence consciousness consumer behavior emotions feelings human factors and ergonomics intelligence maslow s hierarchy of needs mental state mind psychology of religion psychometrics sex differences terror management theory lists counseling topics disciplines organizations outline psychologists psychotherapies research methods schools of thought timeline topics psychology portal v t e in social psychology an interpersonal relation or interpersonal relationship describes a social association connection or affiliation between two or more people it overlaps significantly with the concept of social relations which are the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences relations vary in degrees of intimacy self disclosure duration reciprocity and power distribution the main themes or trends of the interpersonal relations are family kinship friendship love marriage business employment clubs neighborhoods ethical values support and solidarity interpersonal relations may be regulated by law custom or mutual agreement and form the basis of social groups and societies they appear when people communicate or act with each other within specific social contexts 1 and they thrive on equitable and reciprocal compromises 2 interdisciplinary analysis of relationships draws heavily upon the other social sciences including but not limited to anthropology communication cultural studies economics linguistics mathematics political science social work and sociology this scientific analysis had evolved during the 1990s and has become relationship science 3 through the research done by ellen berscheid and elaine hatfield this interdisciplinary science attempts to provide evidence based conclusions through the use of data analysis types edit friendship edit friendships are non sexual non romantic interpersonal relationships 4 social relations can be homosocial such as female bonding and male bonding or heterosocial such as cross sex friendship in some countries a reduction of friendships is observed also called friendship recession or loneliness epidemic intimate or sexual relationships edit main article intimate relationship an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include sexual intimacy and feelings of romance or love 5 intimate relationships are interdependent and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other 6 the quality and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time 7 8 9 romantic relationships edit romantic relationships have been defined in countless ways by writers philosophers religions scientists and in the modern day relationship counselors theories of love include sternberg s triangular theory of love and biology of romantic love 10 11 12 sternberg defines love in terms of intimacy passion and commitment which he claims exist in varying levels in different romantic relationships romantic relationships can have great social and cultural variability 13 and may for example exist without any sexual intimacy between people of any gender or among a group of people as in polyamory or open relationships romance edit main article romance love while many individuals recognize the single defining quality of a romantic relationship as the presence of love it is impossible for romantic relationships to survive without the component of interpersonal communication within romantic relationships love is therefore equally difficult to define hazan and shaver 14 define love using ainsworth s attachment theory as comprising proximity emotional support self exploration and separation distress when parted from the loved one other components commonly associated with love are physical attraction similarity 15 reciprocity 11 and self disclosure 16 life stages edit early adolescent relationships are characterized by companionship reciprocity and sexual experiences as emerging adults mature they begin to develop attachment and caring qualities in their relationships including love bonding security and support for partners earlier relationships also tend to be shorter and exhibit greater involvement with social networks 17 later relationships are often marked by shrinking social networks as the couple dedicates more time to each other than to associates 18 later relationships also tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment 17 most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline of intimacy and passion over time replaced by a greater emphasis on companionate love differing from adolescent companionate love in the caring committed and partner focused qualities however couple studies have found no decline in intimacy nor in the importance of sex intimacy and passionate love to those in longer or later life relationships 19 older people tend to be more satisfied in their relationships but face greater barriers to entering new relationships than do younger or middle aged people 20 older women in particular face social demographic and personal barriers men aged 65 and older are nearly twice as likely as women to be married and widowers are nearly three times as likely to be dating 18 months following their partner s loss compared to widows significant other edit the term significant other gained popularity during the 1990s reflecting the growing acceptance of non heteronormative relationships it can be used to avoid making an assumption about the gender or relational status e g married cohabitating civil union of a person s intimate partner cohabiting relationships continue to rise with many partners considering cohabitation to be nearly as serious as or a substitute for marriage 20 in particular lgbtq people often face unique challenges in establishing and maintaining intimate relationships the strain of internalized discrimination socially ingrained or homophobia transphobia and other forms of discrimination against lgbtq people and social pressure of presenting themselves in line with socially acceptable gender norms can affect their health quality of life satisfaction emotions etc inside and outside their relationships 21 22 23 lgbtq youth also lack the social support and peer connections enjoyed by hetero normative young people 24 nonetheless comparative studies of homosexual and heterosexual couples have found few differences in relationship intensity quality satisfaction or commitment 25 marital relationship edit although nontraditional relationships continue to rise marriage still makes up the majority of relationships except among emerging adults 26 it is also still considered by many to occupy a place of greater importance among family and social structures family relationships edit parent child edit in ancient times parent child relationships were often marked by fear either of rebellion or abandonment resulting in the strict filial roles in for example ancient rome and china 27 28 freud conceived of the oedipal complex the supposed obsession that young boys have towards their mothers and the accompanying fear and rivalry with their fathers and the electra complex in which the young girl feels that her mother has castrated her and therefore becomes obsessed with her father freud s ideas influenced thought on parent child relationships for decades 29 another early conception of parent child relationships was that love only existed as a biological drive for survival and comfort on the child s part 30 in 1958 however harry harlow s study the hot wire mother comparing rhesus reactions to wire surrogate mothers and cloth mothers demonstrated that affection was wanted by any caregiver and not only the surrogate mothers 31 the study laid the groundwork for mary ainsworth s attachment theory showing how the infants used their cloth mothers as a secure base from which to explore 32 33 in a series of studies using the strange situation a scenario in which an infant is separated from then reunited with the parent ainsworth defined three styles of parent child relationship securely attached infants miss the parent greet them happily upon return and show normal exploration and lack of fear when the parent is present insecure avoidant infants show little distress upon separation and ignore the caregiver when they return they explore little when the parent is present infants also tend to be emotionally unavailable 34 insecure ambivalent infants are highly distressed by separation but continue to be distressed upon the parent s return these infants also explore little and display fear even when the parent is present some psychologists have suggested a fourth attachment style disorganized so called because the infants behavior appeared disorganized or disoriented 35 secure attachments are linked to better social and academic outcomes and greater moral internalization as research proposes the idea that parent child relationships play a key role in the developing morality of young children secure attachments are also linked to less delinquency for children and have been found to predict later relationship success 36 37 11 for most of the late nineteenth through the twentieth century the perception of adolescent parent relationships was that of a time of upheaval g stanley hall popularized the sturm und drang or storm and stress model of adolescence 38 psychological research has painted a much tamer picture although adolescents are more risk seeking and emerging adults have higher suicide rates they are largely less volatile and have much better relationships with their parents than the storm and stress model would suggest 39 early adolescence often marks a decline in parent child relationship quality which then re stabilizes through adolescence and relationships are sometimes better in late adolescence than prior to its onset 40 with the increasing average age at marriage and more youths attending college and living with parents past their teens the concept of a new period called emerging adulthood gained popularity this is considered a period of uncertainty and experimentation between adolescence and adulthood during this stage interpersonal relationships are considered to be more self focused and relationships with parents may still be influential 41 siblings edit sibling relationships have a profound effect on social psychological emotional and academic outcomes although proximity and contact usually decreases over time sibling bonds continue to have effect throughout their lives sibling bonds are one of few enduring relationships humans may experience sibling relationships are affected by parent child relationships such that sibling relationships in childhood often reflect the positive or negative aspects of children s relationships with their parents 42 professional edit this section may need to be rewritten to comply with wikipedia s quality standards relevant discussion may be found on the talk page you can help the talk page may contain suggestions june 2025 business is generally held by whom to be distinct from personal relations a contrasting mode which other than excursions from the norm is based on non personal interest and rational rather than emotional concerns citation needed business relationships partnership employer and employee contractor customer landlord and tenant co worker other edit alliance enemy frenemy a person with whom an individual maintains a friendly interaction despite underlying conflict possibly encompassing rivalry mistrust jealousy or competition 43 neighbor familiar stranger official stages edit interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence and have a beginning a lifespan and an end they tend to grow and improve gradually as people become acquainted and become closer emotionally or they gradually deteriorate as people drift apart move on with their lives and form new relationships with others one of the most influential according to whom models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist george levinger 44 this model was formulated to describe heterosexual adult romantic relationships but it has been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well citation needed according to the model the natural development of a relationship follows five stages acquaintance and acquaintanceship becoming acquainted depends on previous relationships physical proximity first impressions and a variety of other factors if two people begin to like each other continued interactions may lead to the next stage but acquaintance can continue indefinitely another example is the association buildup during this stage people begin to trust and care about each other the need for intimacy compatibility and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction continues continuation this stage follows a mutual commitment to quite a strong and close long term friendship romantic relationship or even marriage it is generally a long relatively stable period nevertheless continued growth and development will occur during this time mutual trust is important for sustaining the relationship deterioration not all relationships deteriorate but those that do tend to show signs of trouble boredom resentment and dissatisfaction may occur and individuals may communicate less and avoid self disclosure loss of trust and betrayals may take place as the downward spiral continues eventually ending the relationship alternately the participants may find some way to resolve the problems and reestablish trust and belief in others ending the final stage marks the end of the relationship either by breakups death or by spatial separation for quite some time and severing all existing ties of either friendship or romantic love ways that interpersonal relationships begin edit proximity proximity increases the chance of repeated exposure to the same person long term exposure that can develop familiarity is more likely to trigger like or hate 45 technological advance the internet removes the problem of lack of communication due to long distance people can communicate with others who live far away from them through video calls or text internet is a medium for people to be close to others who are not physically near them 45 similarity people prefer to make friends with others who are similar to them because their thoughts and feelings are more likely to be understood 45 terminating a relationship edit according to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on the factors associated with life satisfaction dating from 2007 stable and secure relationships are beneficial and correspondingly relationship dissolution is harmful 46 the american psychological association has summ...
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