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ย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia medical procedure that removes a part of the body medical condition amputation an amputee running with a blade prosthetic specialty surgery physical medicine and rehabilitation emergency medicine complications phantom limb syndrome causes trauma or intentional as part of surgery and sometimes corporal punishment part of a series on corporal punishment by place domestic judicial school by implementation amputation belting birching branding caning cat o nine tails flagellation foot whipping knout paddle scourge sjambok slippering spanking strapping switch tawse riding crop whip by country afghanistan brunei indonesia iran malaysia qatar singapore taiwan united arab emirates united states court cases cfcyl v canada ingraham v wright s v williams tyrer v the united kingdom jackson v bishop politics campaigns against corporal punishment v t e criminal procedure criminal trials and convictions rights of the accused appeal bail double jeopardy 2 exclusionary rule 1 fair trial jury trial trial as an adult presumption of innocence pre trial counsel self incrimination rights of the victim clearance rate criminal justice right to an effective remedy speedy trial victims rights verdict acquittal blackstone s ratio conviction conviction rate false accusation guilt not proven 3 directed verdict post conviction sentencing custodial disparity discharge guidelines totality 5 6 mandatory periodic dangerous offender 4 5 capital punishment execution warrant cruel and unusual punishment imprisonment life indefinite corporal punishment legal remedy loss of rights reparation restitution reform suspended three strikes law zero tolerance post sentencing criminal justice exoneration parole probation habitual offender life licence 6 miscarriage of justice pardon recidivism rehabilitation restorative justice sex offender registry sexually violent predator laws 1 tariff 6 related areas of law civil procedure criminal defenses criminal law evidence portals law portal 1 us courts 2 not in english welsh courts 3 scottish courts historic 4 english welsh courts 5 canadian courts 6 uk courts v t e amputation is the removal of a limb or other body part by trauma medical illness or surgery as a surgical measure it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb such as malignancy or gangrene in some cases it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems a special case is that of congenital amputation a congenital disorder where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands in some countries judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes 1 2 3 4 amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism it may also occur as a war injury in some cultures and religions minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment 5 6 7 when done by a person the person executing the amputation is an amputator 8 9 the oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in liang tebo cave east kalimantan indonesian borneo dating back to at least 31 000 years ago where it was done when the amputee was a young child 10 a prosthesis or a bioelectric replantation may restore sensation of the amputated limb types edit this section needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2021 learn how and when to remove this message leg edit lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories minor and major amputations minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits major amputations are commonly below knee or above knee amputations common partial foot amputations include the chopart lisfranc and ray amputations common forms of ankle disarticulations include pyrogoff boyd and syme amputations 11 a less common major amputation is the van nes rotation or rotationplasty i e the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee types of amputations include an above knee amputation partial foot amputation amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint ankle disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint trans tibial amputation amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint commonly referred to as a below knee amputation knee disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint trans femoral amputation amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint commonly referred to an above knee amputation hip disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint trans pelvic disarticulation amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation arm edit the 18th century guide to amputations types of upper extremity amputations include partial hand amputation wrist disarticulation trans radial amputation commonly referred to as below elbow or forearm amputation elbow disarticulation trans humeral amputation commonly referred to as above elbow amputation shoulder disarticulation forequarter amputation a variant of the trans radial amputation is the krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action other edit partial amputation of index finger facial amputations include but are not limited to amputation of the ears amputation of the nose rhinotomy amputation of the tongue glossectomy amputation of the eyes enucleation amputation of the teeth dental evulsion removal of teeth mainly incisors is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes for instance in the iberomaurusian culture of neolithic north africa breasts amputation of the breasts mastectomy genitals amputation of the testicles orchiectomy amputation of the penis penectomy amputation of the foreskin circumcision amputation of the clitoris clitoridectomy amputation of the vulva vulvectomy radicals amputation of the waist hemicorporectomy amputation of the head decapitation genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease laryngectomy is the amputation of the larynx self amputation edit in some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place with no means of communication or hope of rescue the victim has amputated their own limb the most notable case of this is aron ralston a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days 12 body integrity dysphoria is a rare condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts usually a limb in some cases that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb or by causing the limb to be severed 13 urgent edit in surgery a guillotine amputation is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting 14 typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of infected gangrene 14 a guillotine amputation is typically followed by a more time consuming definitive amputation such as an above or below knee amputation 14 causes edit circulatory disorders edit diabetic vasculopathy sepsis with peripheral necrosis peripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene a severe deep vein thrombosis phlegmasia cerulea dolens can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene 15 neoplasm edit transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors e g osteosarcoma chondrosarcoma fibrosarcoma epithelioid sarcoma ewing s sarcoma synovial sarcoma sacrococcygeal teratoma liposarcoma melanoma 16 trauma edit three fingers from a soldier s right hand were traumatically amputated during world war i severe limb injuries in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved traumatic amputation an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident for example a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw amputation in utero amniotic band congenital anomalies edit deformities of digits and or limbs e g proximal femoral focal deficiency fibular hemimelia extra digits and or limbs e g polydactyly infection edit animal bites bubonic plague diabetic foot infections gangrene gas gangrene influenza a virus legionella meningococcal meningitis necrosis necrotizing fasciitis osteomyelitis bone infection sepsis streptococcus trench foot vibrio vulnificus frostbite edit frostbite is a cold related injury occurring when an area typically a limb or other extremity 17 is exposed to extreme low temperatures causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues 18 its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing leading to cell damage and cell death 18 treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb 19 if there is deep injury autoamputation may occur 20 athletic performance edit sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance australian rules footballer daniel chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance 21 rugby union player jone tawake also had a finger removed 22 national football league safety ronnie lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 nfl season 23 criminal penalties edit according to quran 5 38 the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand under sharia law after repeated offense the foot may also be cut off this is still in practice today in countries like brunei the united arab emirates 24 iran 25 26 saudi arabia 27 yemen 28 and 11 of the 36 states within nigeria 29 30 cross amputation is one of the hudud punishments prescribed under islamic jurisprudence sharia law and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor 31 32 the scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the quran surah 5 33 34 which stipulates the punishment of those who wage war against allah and his messenger and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides or exile from the land as for the thief male or female cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed 33 the severe punishment for highway robbery hirabah qat al tariq and civil disturbance against islam is usually carried out in a single session in public without anaesthetic and using a sword the ancient punishment is practised in islamic countries such as saudi arabia 34 sudan 35 somalia 36 mauritania the maldives 37 iran 38 afghanistan under taliban rule citation needed and yemen 39 in 1779 thomas jefferson proposed a bill to the virginia assembly that ostensibly would have replaced capital punishment with other penalties including amputation for certain crimes 40 41 although not all were really punishable by death at the time 42 for the crimes of rape sodomy and polygamy the last removed from a later version the punishment was to be castration for men or rhinotomy for women 43 for intentional maiming the bill specified literal eye for an eye retribution 44 the bill never passed due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others 41 45 in england the offences within the court act 1541 provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom thomas jefferson s punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this 46 the punishment was abolished in england and wales by the offences against the person act 1828 as of 2021 this form of punishment is controversial as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture it is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder 47 surgery edit method edit curved knives such as this one were used in the past for some kinds of amputations surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein so as to prevent hemorrhage bleeding the muscles are transected and finally the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw sharp and rough edges of bones are filed and skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis amputation of the leg of first lieutenant antônio carlos de mariz e barros commander of the brazilian battleship tamandaré henrique fleiuss semana illustrada 1866 distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed this allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone the preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum in joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions 48 an experimental technique known as the ewing amputation aims to improve post amputation proprioception 49 50 another technique with similar goals which has been tested in a clinical trial 51 is agonist antagonist myoneural interface ami 52 in 1920 dr janos ertl sr of hungary developed the ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the workforce 53 the ertl technique an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation can be used to create a highly functional residual limb creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used however no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques 54 post operative management edit a 2019 cochrane systematic review aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial below the knee amputations due to the l...
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