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Text of the page (random words):
and cables of electronic devices and appliances such as in computer networking telecommunication equipment and audio headsets modular connectors were originally developed for use on specific bell system telephone sets in the 1960s and similar types found use for simple interconnection of customer provided telephone subscriber premises equipment to the telephone network the federal communications commission fcc mandated in 1976 an interface registration system in which they became known as registered jacks the convenience of prior existence for designers and ease of use led to a proliferation of modular connectors for many other applications many applications that originally used bulkier more expensive connectors have converted to modular connectors probably the best known applications of modular connectors are for telephone and ethernet accordingly various electronic interface specifications exist for applications using modular connectors which prescribe physical characteristics and assign electrical signals to their contacts contents 1 nomenclature 2 history 3 gender 4 latching tab and orientation 5 size and contacts 5 1 insulation displacement contact types 5 2 interchangeability 6 termination 7 pinout 8 4p4c 8 1 handset wiring 8 2 data port 9 6p6c 9 1 rj11 wiring 9 2 pinout 9 3 powered version of rj11 9 4 compatibility with structured cabling 10 8p8c 10 1 standardization 10 2 pinout 10 3 types and compatibility 10 4 applications 10 5 crossover cables 11 10p10c 12 standards 13 see also 14 notes 15 references 16 bibliography 17 external links nomenclature edit modular connectors are often referred to as modular phone jack and plug rj connector and western jack and plug the term modular connector arose from its original use in modular wiring components of telephone equipment by the western electric company in the 1960s 1 this includes the 6p2c used for telephone line connections and 4p4c used for handset connectors registered jack designations describe the signals and wiring used for voice and data communication at customer facing interfaces of the public switched telephone network it is common to use a registered jack number to refer to the physical connector itself for instance the 8p8c modular connector type is often labeled rj45 because the registered jack standard of that name specified 8p8c modular connectors similarly various six position modular connectors may be called rj11 likewise the 4p4c connector is sometimes called rj9 or rj22 though no such official designations exist citation needed history edit the first types of small modular telephone connectors were created by at t in the mid 1960s for the plug in handset and line cords of the trimline telephone 1 driven by demand for multiple sets in residences with various lengths of cords the bell system introduced customer connectable part kits and telephones sold through phonecenter stores in the early 1970s 2 for this purpose illinois bell started installing modular telephone sets on a limited scale in june 1972 the patents by edwin c hardesty and coworkers us 3699498 1972 and us 3860316 1975 followed by other improvements were the basis for the modular molded plastic connectors that became commonplace for telephone cords by the 1980s in 1976 these connectors were standardized nationally in the united states by the registration interface program of the federal communications commission fcc which designated a series of registered jack rj specifications for interconnection of customer premises equipment to the public switched telephone network pstn 3 4 gender edit modular connectors have gender plugs are considered to be male while jacks or sockets are considered to be female plugs are used to terminate cables and cords while jacks are used for fixed locations on surfaces of walls panels and equipment other than telephone extension cables cables with a modular plug on one end and a jack on the other are rare instead cables are usually connected using a female to female coupler having two jacks wired back to back latching tab and orientation edit most modular connectors are designed with a latching mechanism that secures the physical connection as a plug is inserted into a jack a plastic tab on the plug locks against a ridge in the socket so that the plug cannot be removed without disengaging the tab by pressing it against the plug body the standard orientation for installing a jack in a vertical surface is with the tab down the modular plug is often installed with a boot a plastic covering over the tab and body to prevent the latching tab to hook into other cords or edges which may cause excessive bending or breaking of the tab such snagless cords are usually constructed by installing the protective boot before the modular plug is crimped size and contacts edit 8p8c modular plug pin numbering modular connectors are designated using two numbers that represent the maximum number of contact positions and the number of installed contacts with each number followed by p and c respectively for example 6p2c is a connector having six positions and two installed contacts alternate designations omit the letters while separating the position and contact quantities with either an x 6x2 or a slash 6 2 when not installed contacts are usually omitted from the outer positions inward such that the number of contacts is almost always even the connector body positions with omitted or unconnected contacts are unused for the electrical connection but ensure that the plug fits correctly for instance rj11 cables often have connectors with six positions and four contacts to which are attached just two wires the contact positions are numbered sequentially starting from 1 when viewed head on with the retention mechanism on the bottom jacks will have contact position number 1 on the left and plugs will have it on the right contacts are numbered by the contact position for example on a six position two contact plug where the outermost four positions do not have contacts the innermost two contacts are numbered 3 and 4 modular connectors are manufactured in four sizes with 4 6 8 and 10 positions the insulating plastic bodies of 4p and 6p connectors have different widths whereas 8p or 10p connectors share an even larger body width insulation displacement contact types edit 8p8c plug with contacts for solid wire left and stranded wire right contacts for solid wire top left and stranded wire bottom right internally the contacts on the plugs have sharp prongs that when crimped pierce the wire insulation and connect with the conductor a mechanism known as insulation displacement ethernet cables in particular may have solid or stranded tinsel wire conductors and the sharp prongs are different in the 8p8c connectors made for each type of wire a modular plug for solid single strand wire often has three slightly splayed prongs on each contact to securely surround and grip the conductor modular plugs for stranded have prongs that are designed to connect to multiple wire strands connector plugs are designed for either solid or stranded wire and a mismatch between plug and wire type may result in an unreliable connection interchangeability edit some modular connectors are indexed meaning their dimensions are intentionally non standard preventing connections with connectors of standard dimensions the means of indexing may be non standard cross sectional dimensions or shapes retention mechanism dimensions or configuration for example a modified modular jack using an offset latching tab was developed by digital equipment corporation to prevent accidental interchange of data and telephone cables modular connector typical dimensions millimeters connector length width height 4p4c citation needed 7 7 6p6c 5 13 34 9 85 6 60 8p8c 6 22 48 11 68 8 00 the dimensions of modular connectors are such that a narrower plug can be inserted into a wider jack that has more positions than the plug leaving the jack s outermost contacts unconnected the height of the plug s insertion area is 0 260 inches 6 60 mm and the contacts are 0 040 inches 1 02 mm apart contact pitch so the width is dependent on the number of pin positions 7 8 however not all plugs from all manufacturers have this capability and some jack manufacturers warn that their jacks are not designed to accept smaller plugs without damage if an inserted plug lacks slots to accommodate the jack s contacts at the outermost extremes it may permanently deform those outermost contacts of an incompatible jack excessive resistance may be encountered when inserting an incompatible plug as the outermost contacts in the jack are forcibly deformed special modular plugs have been manufactured for example the siemon up 2468 9 which have extra slots beyond their standard contacts to accommodate the wider jack s outermost contacts without damage these special plug connectors can be visually identified by carefully looking for the extra slots molded into the plug the molded plastic bodies of the special plugs may also be colored with a light blueish tinge to aid in quick recognition the special plugs are preferred for test equipment and adapters which may be rapidly connected to a large number of corresponding connectors in quick succession for testing purposes the use of the special plugs avoids inadvertent damage to the equipment under test even when a narrower plug is inserted into a nominally incompatible wider jack termination edit a modular plug crimping tool with exchangeable crimping dies termination of cables with modular connectors is similar across the various number of positions and contacts in the plug the crimping tool contains a die which is often exchangeable and is closely matched to the shape and pin count of the modular plug a crimping die set looks similar to an 8p8c jack except for the eight teeth lining the top portion of the die when the tool is operated the die compresses around the 8p8c plug as the die compresses these teeth force the plug contacts into the conductors of the cable being terminated the crimper may also permanently deform part of the plastic plug body in such a way that it grips the outer sheath of the cable for secure fastening and strain relief these actions permanently attach the plug to the cable pinout edit the contact assignments pinout of modular connectors vary by application telephone network connections are standardized by registered jack designations and ethernet over twisted pair is specified by the ansi tia 568 standard for other applications standardization may be lacking for example multiple conventions exist for the use of 8p8c connectors in rs 232 applications for this reason d sub to modular adapters are typically shipped with the d sub contacts pins or sockets terminated but not inserted into the connector body so that the d sub to modular contact pairing can be assigned as needed 4p4c edit 4p4c modular connector on a handset cord wired telephone that uses 4p4c connectors for the coiled handset cord the four position four conductor 4p4c connector is the standard modular connector used on both ends of telephone handset cords and is therefore often called a handset connector 10 this handset connector is not a registered jack because it was not intended to connect directly to telephone lines however it is often referred to as rj9 rj10 or rj22 handset wiring edit handsets and often headsets for use with telephones commonly use a 4p4c connector the two center pins are commonly used for the receiver and the outer pins connect the transmitter so that a reversal of conductors between the ends of a cord does not affect the signal routing this may differ for other equipment including hands free headsets data port edit the macintosh 128k macintosh 512k and macintosh plus from apple as well as the amiga 1000 from commodore used 4p4c connectors to connect the keyboard to the main computer housing the connector provided power to the keyboard on the outer two contacts and received data signals on the inner pair the cable between the computer and the keyboard was a coiled cord with an appearance very similar to a telephone handset cable 11 the connector on the amiga 1000 used crossover wiring similar to a telephone handset the connector wiring on the apple computers however required a polarized straight through pinout using a telephone handset cable instead of the supplied cable could short out the 5 volt dc supply and damage the apple computer or the keyboard 12 modular connectors are often used for data links such as serial line connections because of their compact dimensions for example some directv set top boxes include a 4p4c data port connector with an adapter cord to a computer serial port so that remote control is possible from the computer 13 6p6c edit 6p4c crimp on style connector modular plugs are described by the maximum number of physical contact positions and the actual number of contacts installed in these positions the 6p2c 6p4c and 6p6c modular connectors are probably best known for their use as rj11 rj14 and rj25 registered jacks respectively these interfaces use the same six position modular connector body but have different numbers of pins installed rj11 is a physical interface often used for terminating single telephone lines rj14 is similar but for two lines and rj25 is for three lines rj61 is a similar registered jack for four lines but uses an 8p8c connector rj11 wiring edit cables sold as rj11 often actually use 6p4c connectors six positions four contacts and rj14 wiring four wires running to a central junction box two of its six possible contact positions connect tip and ring and the other two contact positions may be unused or provide low voltage power for night light or other features on the telephone set in some installations an extra contact was also required for the ground connection for selective ringers pinout edit the pins of the 6p6c connector are numbered 1 to 6 counting left to right when holding the connector tab side down with the opening for the cable facing the viewer position pair t r rj11 rj14 rj25 twisted pair colors 25 pair colors old colors a german colors b australian colors diagram 1 3 t t3 white green white green white pink orange 6p6c connector showing the location of pin 1 2 2 t t2 t2 white orange white orange black green red 3 1 r r1 r1 r1 blue blue white red white blue 4 1 t t1 t1 t1 white blue white blue green brown white 5 2 r r2 r2 orange orange white yellow yellow black 6 3 r r3 green green white blue gray green while the old solid color code was well established for pair 1 and usually pair 2 there are several conflicting conventions for pair 3 and sometimes even pair 2 the colors shown above were taken from a vendor of silver satin flat 8 conductor phone cable that claims to be standard 6 pair solid old bellwire cables previously used by the bell system use white for pair 3 tip but some vendors cable may substitute orange for white at least one other vendor of flat 8 conduc...
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