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nitoring biogas flows with minimal pressure drop they can handle moisture variations that occur in the flow stream because of daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations and account for the moisture in the flow stream to produce a dry gas value heat electricity edit biogas can be used in different types of internal combustion engines such as the jenbacher or caterpillar gas engines 48 other internal combustion engines such as gas turbines and bhpps are suitable for the conversion of biogas into both electricity and heat the digestate is the remaining inorganic matter that was not transformed into biogas it can be used as an agricultural fertiliser biogas can be used as the fuel in the system of producing biogas from agricultural wastes and co generating heat and electricity in a combined heat and power chp plant unlike the other green energy such as wind and solar the biogas can be quickly accessed on demand the global warming potential can also be greatly reduced when using biogas as the fuel instead of fossil fuel 49 however the acidification and eutrophication potentials produced by biogas are 25 and 12 times higher respectively than fossil fuel alternatives this impact can be reduced by using correct combination of feedstocks covered storage for digesters and improved techniques for retrieving escaped material overall the results still suggest that using biogas can lead to significant reduction in most impacts compared to fossil fuel alternative the balance between environmental damage and green house gas emission should still be considered while implicating the system 50 technological advancements edit projects such as nanoclean are developing new ways to produce biogas more efficiently using iron oxide nanoparticles in the processes of organic waste treatment this process allegedly can triple biogas production 51 legislation edit european union edit the european union eu has legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites called the landfill directive countries such as the united kingdom and germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long term revenue and energy security 52 the eu mandates that internal combustion engines with biogas have ample gas pressure to optimize combustion and within the european union atex centrifugal fan units built in accordance with the european directive 2014 34 eu previously 94 9 eg are obligatory these centrifugal fan units for example combimac meidinger ag or witt sohn ag are suitable for use in zone 1 and 2 united states edit the united states legislates against landfill gas as it contains vocs the united states clean air act and title 40 of the code of federal regulations cfr requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non methane organic compounds nmocs emitted if the estimated nmoc emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year the landfill owner is required to collect the gas and treat it to remove the entrained nmocs that usually means burning it because of the remoteness of landfill sites it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas 53 there are a variety of grants and loans the support the development of anaerobic digestor systems the rural energy for american program provides loan financing and grant funding for biogas systems as does the environmental quality incentives program conservation stewardship program and conservation loan program 54 global developments edit united states edit with the many benefits of biogas it is starting to become a popular source of energy and is starting to be used in the united states more 55 in 2003 the united states consumed 43 twh 147 trillion btu of energy from landfill gas about 0 6 of the total u s natural gas consumption 47 methane biogas derived from cow manure is being tested in the u s according to a 2008 study collected by the science and children magazine methane biogas from cow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions of homes across america furthermore methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions or about 4 of the greenhouse gases produced by the united states 56 the number of farm based digesters increased by 21 in 2021 according to the american biogas council 57 in vermont biogas generated on dairy farms was included in the cvps cow power program the program was originally offered by central vermont public service corporation as a voluntary tariff and now with a recent merger with green mountain power is now the gmp cow power program customers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill and that premium is passed directly to the farms in the program in sheldon vermont green mountain dairy has provided renewable energy as part of the cow power program it started when the brothers who own the farm bill and brian rowell wanted to address some of the manure management challenges faced by dairy farms including manure odor and nutrient availability for the crops they need to grow to feed the animals they installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking center waste from their 950 cows to produce renewable energy a bedding to replace sawdust and a plant friendly fertilizer the energy and environmental attributes are sold to the gmp cow power program on average the system run by the rowells produces enough electricity to power 300 to 350 other homes the generator capacity is about 300 kilowatts 58 in hereford texas cow manure is being used to power an ethanol power plant by switching to methane biogas the ethanol power plant has saved 1000 barrels of oil a day over all the power plant has reduced transportation costs and will be opening many more jobs for future power plants that will rely on biogas 59 in oakley kansas an ethanol plant considered to be one of the largest biogas facilities in north america is using integrated manure utilization system to produce heat for its boilers by utilizing feedlot manure municipal organics and ethanol plant waste at full capacity the plant is expected to replace 90 of the fossil fuel used in the manufacturing process of ethanol and methanol 60 61 in california the southern california gas company has advocated for mixing biogas into existing natural gas pipelines however california state officials have taken the position that biogas is better used in hard to electrify sectors of the economy like aviation heavy industry and long haul trucking 62 europe edit biogas fueling station in mikkeli finland the level of development varies greatly in europe while countries such as germany austria sweden and italy are fairly advanced in their use of biogas there is a vast potential for this renewable energy source in the rest of the continent especially in eastern europe mt energie is a german biogas technology company operating in the field of renewable energies 63 different legal frameworks education schemes and the availability of technology are among the prime reasons behind this untapped potential 64 another challenge for the further progression of biogas has been negative public perception 65 in february 2009 the european biogas association eba was founded in brussels as a non profit organisation to promote the deployment of sustainable biogas production and use in europe eba s strategy defines three priorities establish biogas as an important part of europe s energy mix promote source separation of household waste to increase the gas potential and support the production of biomethane as vehicle fuel in july 2013 it had 60 members from 24 countries across europe 66 uk edit as of september 2013 update there are about 130 non sewage biogas plants in the uk most are on farm and some larger facilities exist off farm which are taking food and consumer wastes 67 on 5 october 2010 biogas was injected into the uk gas grid for the first time sewage from over 30 000 oxfordshire homes is sent to didcot sewage treatment works where it is treated in an anaerobic digestor to produce biogas which is then cleaned to provide gas for approximately 200 homes 68 in 2015 the green energy company ecotricity announced their plans to build three grid injecting digesters 69 italy edit in italy the biogas industry first started in 2008 thanks to the introduction of advantageous feed tariffs they were later replaced by feed in premiums and the preference was given to by products and farming waste and leading to stagnation in biogas production and derived heat and electricity since 2012 70 as of september 2018 update in italy there are more than 200 biogas plants with a production of about 1 2 gw 71 72 73 germany edit germany is europe s biggest biogas producer 74 and the market leader in biogas technology 75 in 2010 there were 5 905 biogas plants operating throughout the country lower saxony bavaria and the eastern federal states are the main regions 76 most of these plants are employed as power plants usually the biogas plants are directly connected with a chp which produces electric power by burning the bio methane the electrical power is then fed into the public power grid 77 in 2010 the total installed electrical capacity of these power plants was 2 291 mw 76 the electricity supply was approximately 12 8 twh which is 12 6 of the total generated renewable electricity 78 biogas in germany is primarily extracted by the co fermentation of energy crops called nawaro an abbreviation of nachwachsende rohstoffe german for renewable resources mixed with manure the main crop used is corn organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food industry are also used for biogas generation 79 in this respect biogas production in germany differs significantly from the uk where biogas generated from landfill sites is most common 74 biogas production in germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years the main reason is the legally created frameworks government support of renewable energy started in 1991 with the electricity feed in act streg this law guaranteed the producers of energy from renewable sources the feed into the public power grid thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy from independent private producers of green energy 80 in 2000 the electricity feed in act was replaced by the renewable energy sources act eeg this law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electric power over 20 years the amount of around 8 kwh gave farmers the opportunity to become energy suppliers and gain a further source of income 79 the german agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so called nawaro bonus this is a special payment given for the use of renewable resources that is energy crops 81 in 2007 the german government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving the renewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by the integrated climate and energy programme this continual trend of renewable energy promotion induces a number of challenges facing the management and organisation of renewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production 82 the first challenge to be noticed is the high area consuming of the biogas electric power supply in 2011 energy crops for biogas production consumed an area of circa 800 000 ha in germany 83 this high demand of agricultural areas generates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist hitherto moreover new industries and markets were created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic political and civil background their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source of energy is offering finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the german renewable energy supply if good governance is focused 82 developing countries edit domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry the fermented manure this technology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows this manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant toilets can be connected another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process with an optimum at 36 c the technology especially applies for those living in a sub tropical climate this makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable 84 depending on size and location a typical brick made fixed dome biogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household with the investment between us 300 to 500 in asian countries and up to 1400 in the african context 85 a high quality biogas plant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas for at least 15 20 years without major problems and re investments for the user biogas provides clean cooking energy reduces indoor air pollution and reduces the time needed for traditional biomass collection especially for women and children the slurry is a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agricultural productivity 84 in developing countries it was also determined that the use of biogas leads to a 20 reduction in ghg emissions compared with ghg emissions due to firewood moreover ghg emissions of 384 1 kg co 2 equivalent per year per animal could be prevented 86 energy is an important part of modern society and can serve as one of the most important indicators of socio economic development as much as there have been advancements in technology even so some three billion people primarily in the rural areas of developing countries continue to access their energy needs for cooking through traditional means by burning biomass resources like firewood crop residues and animal dung in crude traditional stoves 87 inauguration of a südzucker biogas plant in drochia with interview of octavian armașu 2012 domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world especially asia 88 several countries in this region have embarked on large scale programmes on domestic biogas such as china 89 and india the netherlands development organisation snv 90 supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aim to establish commercial viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market install and service biogas plants for households in asia snv is working in nepal 91 vietnam 92 93 bangladesh 94 bhutan cambodia 94 lao pdr 95 pakistan 96 and indonesia 97 and in africa rwanda 98 senegal burkina faso ethiopia 99 tanzania 100 uganda kenya 101 benin and cameroon in south africa a prebuilt biogas system is manufactured and sold one key feature is that installation requires less skill and is quicker to install as the digester tank is premade plastic 102 biogas systems play a very significant role in access to energy across many low and middle inco...
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