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of the system software which had no official name was partially based on the lisa os which apple previously released for the lisa computer in 1983 as part of an agreement allowing xerox to buy shares in apple at a favorable price it also used concepts from the xerox parc alto computer which former apple ceo steve jobs and other lisa team members had previewed 33 this operating system consisted of the macintosh toolbox rom and the system folder a set of files that were loaded from disk the name macintosh system software came into use in 1987 with system 5 apple rebranded the system as mac os in 1996 starting officially with version 7 6 due in part to its macintosh clone program 34 that program ended after the release of mac os 8 in 1997 35 the last major release of the system was mac os 9 in 1999 36 initial versions of the system software ran one application at a time with the macintosh 512k a system extension called the switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded the software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively only when activated by the switcher did the program appear even the finder s desktop with the switcher the now familiar clipboard feature allowed cut and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop citation needed with the introduction of system 5 a cooperative multitasking extension called multifinder was added which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop and was later integrated into system 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory by the mid 1990s however contemporary operating systems such as windows nt os 2 and nextstep had all brought pre emptive multitasking protected memory access controls and multi user capabilities to desktop computers the macintosh s limited memory management and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions that provide additional functionality such as networking or support for a particular device 37 led to significant criticism of the operating system and was a factor in apple s declining market share at the time citation needed after two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the macintosh system software called taligent and copland and a four year development effort spearheaded by steve jobs return to apple in 1997 apple replaced mac os with a new operating system in 2001 named mac os x the x signifying the underlying unix system family base shared with jobs development of the nextstep operating systems on the next computer it retained most of the user interface design elements of the classic mac os and there was some overlap of application frameworks for compatibility but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures citation needed the final updates to mac os 9 released in 2001 provided interoperability with mac os x the name classic that now signifies the historical mac os as a whole is a reference to the classic environment a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to mac os x now macos 38 apple macos edit overview edit macos 39 previously mac os x and later os x is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by apple inc since 2001 it is the primary operating system for apple s mac computers within the market of desktop laptop and home computers and by web usage it is the second most widely used desktop os after microsoft windows 40 41 macos is the direct successor to the classic mac os the line of macintosh operating systems with nine releases from 1984 to 1999 macos adopted the unix kernel and inherited technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at next the company that apple co founder steve jobs created after leaving apple in 1985 releases from mac os x 10 5 leopard 42 and thereafter are unix 03 certified 43 apple s mobile operating system ios has been considered a variant of macos 44 mac os x 10 0 code named cheetah was the first major release and version of macos apple s desktop and server operating system mac os x 10 0 was released on 24 march 2001 for a price of us 129 it was the successor of the mac os x public beta and the predecessor of mac os x 10 1 code named puma mac os x 10 0 was a radical departure from the classic mac os and was apple s long awaited answer for a next generation macintosh operating system it introduced a brand new code base completely separate from mac os 9 s as well as all previous apple operating systems and had a new unix like core darwin which features a new memory management system unlike releases of mac os x 10 2 to 10 8 the operating system was not externally marketed with the name of a big cat apple macos components edit see also macos components and list of macos built in apps the finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macos 45 46 quick look has been part of the finder since version 10 5 it allows for dynamic previews of files including videos and multi page documents without opening any other applications spotlight a file searching technology which has been integrated into the finder since version 10 4 allows rapid real time searches of data files mail messages photos and other information based on item properties metadata and or content 47 48 macos makes use of a dock which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows apple added exposé in version 10 3 called mission control since version 10 7 a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application and hide all windows to access the desktop 49 filevault is optional encryption of the user s files with the 128 bit advanced encryption standard aes 128 50 features introduced in version 10 4 include automator an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks 51 dashboard a full screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke 52 and front row a media viewer interface accessed by the apple remote 53 sync services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data including calendar and contact items the operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency 54 all system icons are scalable up to 512 512 pixels as of version 10 5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size including for example the cover flow view a three dimensional graphical user interface included with itunes the finder and other apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork that version also introduced spaces a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an exposé like interface 55 an automatic backup technology called time machine which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data 56 and screen sharing was built in for the first time 57 in more recent releases apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary apple color emoji font 58 59 apple has also connected macos with social networks such as twitter and facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text 60 apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in ios its mobile operating system to macos in recent releases notably the intelligent personal assistant siri which was introduced in version 10 12 of macos 61 62 unix and unix like systems edit unix edit unix ˈ j uː n ɪ k s trademarked as unix is a family of multitasking multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original at t unix whose development started in the 1970s at the bell labs research center by ken thompson dennis ritchie and others 63 initially intended for use inside the bell system at t licensed unix to outside parties in the late 1970s leading to a variety of both academic and commercial unix variants from vendors including university of california berkeley bsd microsoft xenix sun microsystems sunos solaris hp hpe hp ux and ibm aix in the early 1990s at t sold its rights in unix to novell which then sold its unix business to the santa cruz operation sco in 1995 64 the unix trademark passed to the open group an industry consortium founded in 1996 which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the single unix specification sus however novell continues to own the unix copyrights which the sco group inc v novell inc court case 2010 confirmed unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the unix philosophy according to this philosophy the operating system should provide a set of simple tools each of which performs a limited well defined function 65 a unified filesystem the unix filesystem and an inter process communication mechanism known as pipes serve as the main means of communication 63 and a shell scripting and command language the unix shell is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system almost the entire operating system is written in the c programming language which allows unix to operate on numerous platforms 66 macos described above is a unix like system and beginning with mac os x leopard is certified to comply with the sus linux edit linux 67 is a family of open source unix like operating systems based on the linux kernel 68 an operating system kernel first released on 17 september 1991 by linus torvalds 69 70 71 linux is typically packaged in a linux distribution distributions include the linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries many of which are provided by the gnu project many linux distributions use the word linux in their name but the free software foundation uses the name gnu linux to emphasize the importance of gnu software causing some controversy 72 popular linux distributions 73 74 75 include debian fedora and ubuntu commercial distributions include red hat enterprise linux and suse linux enterprise server desktop linux distributions include a windowing system such as x11 or wayland and a desktop environment such as gnome or kde plasma distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether or include a solution stack such as lamp because linux is freely redistributable anyone may create a distribution for any purpose 76 linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the intel x86 architecture but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system 77 because of the dominance of the linux based android on smartphones as of january 2023 update linux also has the largest installed base of all general purpose operating systems 11 78 79 80 although it is as of january 2023 update used by only around 2 9 percent of desktop computers 3 the chromebook which runs the linux kernel based chromeos dominates the us k 12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub 300 notebook sales in the us 81 linux is the leading operating system on servers over 96 4 of the top 1 million web servers operating systems are linux 82 leads other large systems such as mainframe computers and is the only os used on top500 supercomputers since november 2017 having gradually eliminated all competitors 83 84 85 linux also runs on embedded systems i e devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system this includes routers automation controls smart home technology such as google nest 86 televisions samsung and lg smart tvs use tizen and webos respectively 87 88 89 automobiles for example tesla audi mercedes benz hyundai and toyota all rely on linux 90 digital video recorders video game consoles and smartwatches 91 the falcon 9 s and the dragon 2 s avionics use a customized version of linux 92 linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration the source code may be used modified and distributed commercially or non commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses such as the gnu general public license 76 90 of all cloud infrastructure is powered by linux including supercomputers and cloud providers 93 74 of smartphones in the world are linux based 94 kde plasma 5 edit kde plasma 5 is the fifth and current generation of the graphical workspaces environment created by kde primarily for linux systems kde plasma 5 is the successor of kde plasma 4 and was first released on 15 july 2014 95 96 it includes a new default theme known as breeze as well as increased convergence across different devices the graphical interface was fully migrated to qml which uses opengl for hardware acceleration which resulted in better performance and reduced power consumption 97 95 freebsd edit freebsd is a free and open source unix like operating system descended from the berkeley software distribution bsd which was based on research unix the first version of freebsd was released in 1993 in 2005 freebsd was the most popular open source bsd operating system accounting for more than three quarters of all installed simply permissively licensed bsd systems freebsd has similarities with linux with two major differences in scope and licensing first freebsd maintains a complete system i e the project delivers a kernel device drivers userland utilities and documentation as opposed to linux only delivering a kernel and drivers and relying on third parties for system software second freebsd source code is generally released under a permissive bsd license as opposed to the copyleft gpl used by linux the freebsd project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution a wide range of additional third party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or freebsd ports or by compiling source code much of freebsd s codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as darwin the basis for macos ios ipados watchos and tvos truenas an open source nas san operating system and the system software for the playstation 3 98 and playstation 4 game consoles 99 google chromeos edit chromeos formerly chrome os 100 sometimes styled as chromeos is a gentoo linux based operating system designed by google it is derived from the free software chromiumos and uses the google chrome web browser as its principal user interface however chromeos is proprietary software google announced the project in july 2009 conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud hence chromeos primarily runs web applications 101 source co...
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