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moral influence theory of atonement wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 doctrine toggle doctrine subsection 1 1 abelard 1 2 moral example theory 2 influence on reformation thought 3 notes 4 references toggle references subsection 4 1 citations 4 2 sources 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents moral influence theory of atonement 6 languages español bahasa indonesia bahasa melayu nederlands português தமிழ் edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia theory in christian theology main article atonement in christianity part of a series on atonement in christianity classic paradigm ransom patristic christus victor 20th century recapitulation patristic objective paradigm satisfaction scholastic anselmian penal substitution protestant scholastic reformed arminian governmental arminian subjective paradigm moral influence mixed moral example socinian types limited scholastic reformed unlimited amyraldism arminian see also christian universalism v t e part of a series on the catholic church st peter s basilica vatican city overview pope leo xiv hierarchy history timeline theology liturgy sacraments mary background jesus christ crucifixion resurrection ascension early christianity peter paul fathers history of the catholic church history of the papacy ecumenical councils magisterium four marks of the church one true church apostolic succession history of catholic theology organisation holy see roman curia college of cardinals ecumenical councils episcopal polity latin church eastern churches canon law theologies doctrine god trinity father son holy ghost consubstantialitas filioque divinum illud munus divine law decalogus ex cathedra deificatio realms beyond the states of the church heaven purgatory limbo hell paschal mystery passion of jesus crucifixion of jesus harrowing of hell resurrection of jesus ascension of jesus blessed virgin mary mariology veneration immaculate conception mater dei perpetual virginity assumption dormition titles queen apparition mediatrix salvation baptism of desire baptism of blood divine grace outside the church there is no salvation infused righteousness invincible ignorance justification means of grace merit mortal sin satisfaction moral influence sanctification synergism venial sin ecclesiology college of bishops deposit of faith infallibility of the church mystical body of christ papal primacy people of god perfect community subsistit in other teachings josephology morality body sexuality apologetics amillennialism original sin hypostatic union predestination seven deadly sins beatific vision saints dogma texts bible old testament new testament official bible vulgate sixtine vulgate sixto clementine vulgate nova vulgata peshitta apostles creed nicene creed athanasian creed catechism of the catholic church papal bull apostolic exhortation epistula encyclica philosophy cardinal virtues just war natural law catholic ethics personalism probabilism social teaching philosophy of canon law philosophers virtue ethics schools augustinianism scholasticism thomism scotism occamism christian humanism molinism neo scholasticism traditionalist catholicism sedevacantism worship liturgy eastern catholic liturgy mass divine liturgy holy qurbana holy qurobo liturgy of the hours liturgical year sacraments baptism penance eucharist confirmation anointing of the sick matrimony holy orders prayer devotions bible biblical canon rites latin liturgy roman novus ordo tridentine post vatican ii use of sarum anglican use zaire use gallican ambrosian braga mozarabic eastern catholic liturgy alexandrian antiochene west syriac malankara east syriac armenian byzantine miscellaneous antipopes anti catholicism criticism deism pandeism ecumenism monasticism relations with islam judaism zionism orthodoxy protestantism societal issues art evolution health care hiv aids homosexuality sexual abuse music nazi germany politics in the united states role in civilization science sex and gender roles slavery the age of discovery links and resources index outline glossary category media templates wikiproject vatican city portal catholic church portal v t e the moral influence or moral example theory of atonement is theory relating to the crucifixion of jesus christ in christianity developed or most notably propagated by abelard 1079 1142 1 2 note 1 an alternative to anselm of canterbury s satisfaction theory of atonement 1 abelard focused on changing man s perception of god as not offended harsh and judgmental but as loving 1 according to abelard jesus died as the demonstration of god s love a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners turning them back to god 1 3 doctrine edit abelard edit it was not until anselm with his satisfaction theory of atonement that a theory of atonement was specifically articulated 4 the moral influence theory was developed or most notably propagated by abelard 1079 1142 1 2 note 1 as an alternative to anselm s satisfaction theory 1 abelard not only rejected the idea of jesus death as a ransom paid to the devil 1 2 which turned the devil into a rival god 2 but also objected to the idea that jesus death was a debt paid to god s honor 1 he also objected to the emphasis on god s judgment and the idea that god changed his mind after the sinner accepted jesus sacrificial death which was not easily reconcilable with the idea of the perfect impassible god who does not change 1 7 abelard focused on changing man s perception of god as not offended harsh and judgmental but as loving 1 according to abelard jesus died as the demonstration of god s love a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners turning them back to god 1 3 abelard s views on atonement were challenged by bernard of clairvaux who on the basis of exemplarism charged abelard with pelagianism 8 while this critique can be questioned elements of pelagianism can still be found in abelard 9 beilby and eddy note that abelard was condemned by the council of sens 1140 and eventually excommunicated his general approach to the atonement however has lived on in various forms throughout the last millennium 3 moral example theory edit main articles faustus socinus and socinianism a related theory the moral example theory was developed by faustus socinus 1539 1604 in his work de jesu christo servatore 1578 he rejected the idea of vicarious satisfaction note 2 according to socinus jesus death offers mankind a perfect example of self sacrificial dedication to god 3 a number of theologians see example or exemplar theories of the atonement as variations of the moral influence theory 10 wayne grudem however argues that whereas the moral influence theory says that christ s death teaches us how much god loves us the example theory says that christ s death teaches us how we should live 11 grudem identifies the socinians as supporters of the example theory influence on reformation thought edit during the protestant reformation in western christianity the majority of the reformers strongly rejected the moral influence view of the atonement in favour of penal substitution a highly forensic modification of the honor oriented anselmian satisfaction model fausto sozzini s socinian arm of the reformation maintained a belief in the moral influence view of the atonement socinianism was an early form of unitarianism and the unitarian church today maintains a moral influence view of the atonement as do many liberal protestant theologians of the modern age 12 during the 18th century versions of the moral influence view found overwhelming support among german theologians most notably the enlightenment philosopher immanuel kant 13 in the 19th and 20th century it has been popular among liberal protestant thinkers in the anglican methodist lutheran and presbyterian churches including the anglican theologian hastings rashdall a number of english theological works in the last hundred years have advocated and popularized the moral influence theory of atonement 14 15 a strong division has remained since the reformation between liberal protestants who typically adopt a moral influence view and conservative protestants who typically adopt the penal substitution theory both sides tend to believe that their position is taught by the bible note 3 notes edit 1 2 pugh notes that the very earliest patristic writings lean towards a moralistic interpretation of the cross 5 but rejects the idea that this constituted a full fledged theory of moral influence of atonement he mentions a j wallace and r d rusk 2011 moral transformation the original christian paradigm of salvation as a recent attempt to prove at length that moral transformation was the original christian paradigm of salvation this work consists of a totally one sided presentation of biblical and historical data 6 according to beilby and eddy subjective theories of which abelard s is one emphasize god s love for humanity and focus on changing man s attitude 2 according to beilby and eddy a ny new testament text that proclaims god s love for humanity and consequent desire to save sinners can be brought forth as evidence for this interpretation of the atonement 2 christ suffering for or punished for the sinners advocates of the moral influence view point to 14 16 the large volume of teaching in the gospels focused on morality the large quantity of moral exhortation in the new testament letters the 30 new testament passages referring to final judgment that all appear to depict a final judgment according to moral conduct the numerous passages throughout the new testament which encourage moral change and provide the goal of passing god s final judgment as the incentive the various passages in the new testament letters which speak of the effect of jesus life and death on us in terms of moral change those opposed to the moral influence view have typically pointed to the following biblical themes the numerous passages throughout the gospels which teach the necessity of faith in salvation the numerous passages throughout the gospels which describe salvation as the result of faith the large volume of teaching in the new testament epistles that describe salvation as a result of faith the numerous passages speaking of the effects of christ s death often using language from the jewish sacrificial system the various passages throughout the new testament that teach the impossibility of salvation through moral works references edit citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 weaver 2001 p 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 beilby eddy 2009 p 18 1 2 3 4 beilby eddy 2009 p 19 pugh 2015 p 125 pugh 2015 p 126 pugh 2015 p 127 beilby eddy 2009 p 18 19 williams 2004 p 276 i t was because of his supposed exemplarism that bernard charged abelard with pelagianism williams 2004 p 276 if we define pelagianism as the view that one can act rightly apart from grace abelard is no pelagian suppose instead that we define pelagianism as the view that human beings in their present state can will rightly through an unaided exercise of their power of free choice on that definition abelard is indeed a pelagian coppedge allan 20 september 2009 portraits of god a biblical theology of holiness p 345 isbn 9780830876556 retrieved 15 august 2016 grudem wayne 18 may 2009 systematic theology an introduction to biblical doctrine p 539 isbn 9780310566021 retrieved 15 august 2016 beilby eddy 2009 p 19 20 alister mcgrath the moral theory of the atonement an historical and theological critique in scottish journal of theology 38 pp 205 220 1 2 hastings rashdall the idea of atonement in christian theology london macmillan 1919 david a brondos paul on the cross reconstructing the apostle s story of redemption minneapolis mn fortress press 2006 chris vanlandingham judgment and justification in early judaism and the apostle paul peabody ma hendrickson 2006 sources edit beilby james k eddy paul r 2009 the nature of the atonement four views intervarsity press stephen finlan problems with atonement the origins of and controversy about the atonement doctrine liturgical press 2005 isbn 0 8146 5220 4 pugh ben 2015 atonement theories a way through the maze james clarke co vincent taylor the cross of christ macmillan 1956 weaver j denny 2001 the nonviolent atonement wm b eerdmans publishing williams thomas 2004 sin grace and redemption the cambridge companion to abelard cambridge cambridge university press further reading edit bushnell horace 1866 the vicarious sacrifice new york c scribner co external links edit historical theories of atonement theopedia gives a brief treatment of the historical and modern theories of atonement from a calvinistic perspective the moral theory section iii 9 3 from charles hodge s systematic theology describing the view and arguing against it retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title moral_influence_theory_of_atonement oldid 1366574626 categories atonement in christianity catholic theology and doctrine hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata pages using sidebar with the child parameter use dmy dates from april 2026 articles containing latin language text this page was last edited on 28 july 2026 at 20 44 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the 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