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тски simple english slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska sakizaya тоҷикӣ tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt walon 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of house for other uses see villa disambiguation not to be confused with village this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources villa news newspapers books scholar jstor may 2009 learn how and when to remove this message the villa medici in fiesole with early terraced hillside landscape by leon battista alberti the villa tamminiemi an art nouveau styled villa and house museum in helsinki finland a villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient roman upper class country house that provided an escape from urban life 1 since its origins in the roman villa the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably after the fall of the roman republic villas became small farming compounds which were increasingly fortified in late antiquity sometimes transferred to the church for reuse as a monastery they gradually re evolved through the middle ages into elegant upper class country homes in the early modern period any comfortable detached house with a garden near a city or town was likely to be described as a villa most surviving villas have now been engulfed by suburbia in modern parlance villa can refer to various types and sizes of residences ranging from the suburban semi detached double villa to in some countries especially around the mediterranean residences of above average size in the countryside roman edit see also roman villa this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources villa news newspapers books scholar jstor february 2024 learn how and when to remove this message roman villas included the villa urbana a suburban or country seat that could easily be reached from rome or another city for a night or two they often featured decorated rooms and porticoes 2 the villa rustica the farm house estate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate which would centre on the villa itself perhaps only seasonally occupied 1 3 the roman villae rusticae at the heart of latifundia were the earliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called manors and plantations the otium villa for rural retirement or pleasure in terms of design there was often little difference in the main residence between these types at any particular level of size but the presence or absence of farm outbuildings reflected the size and function of the estate not included as villae were the domus city houses for the élite and privileged classes and the insulae blocks of apartment buildings for the rest of the population in satyricon 1st century ce petronius described the wide range of roman dwellings another type of villae is the villa maritima a seaside villa located on the coast villa of the mysteries in pompeii seen from above a concentration of imperial villas existed on the gulf of naples on the isle of capri at monte circeo and at antium examples include the villa of the papyri in herculaneum and the villa of the mysteries and villa of the vettii in pompeii there was an important villa maritima in barcola near trieste this villa was located directly on the coast and was divided into terraces in a representation area in which luxury and power was displayed a separate living area a garden some facilities open to the sea and a thermal bath not far from this noble place which was already popular with the romans because of its favorable microclimate one of the most important villa maritima of its time the miramare castle was built in the 19th century 4 wealthy romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round rome especially around tibur tivoli and frascati such as at hadrian s villa cicero allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas the oldest of which was near arpinum which he inherited pliny the younger had three or four of which the example near laurentium is the best known from his descriptions roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self sufficiency of their latifundium villas where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil this was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old fashioned virtuous roman farmers it has been said that the economic independence of later rural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the roman empire in roman britannia edit archaeologists have meticulously examined numerous roman villas in england like their italian counterparts they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and vineyards perhaps even tileworks or quarries ranged round a high status power centre with its baths and gardens 3 the grand villa at woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the anglo saxon parish church was built not by chance upon its site grave diggers preparing for burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to punch through the intact mosaic floors the even more palatial villa rustica at fishbourne near winchester was built uncharacteristically as a large open rectangle with porticos enclosing gardens entered through a portico towards the end of the 3rd century roman towns in britain ceased to expand like patricians near the centre of the empire roman britons withdrew from the cities to their villas which entered on a palatial building phase a golden age of villa life villae rusticae are essential in the empire s economy model of fishbourne roman palace a governor s villa on the grandest scale two kinds of villa plan in roman britain may be characteristic of roman villas in general the more usual plan extended wings of rooms all opening onto a linking portico which might be extended at right angles even to enclose a courtyard the other kind featured an aisled central hall like a basilica suggesting the villa owner s magisterial role the villa buildings were often independent structures linked by their enclosed courtyards timber framed construction carefully fitted with mortises and tenons and dowelled together set on stone footings were the rule replaced by stone buildings for the important ceremonial rooms traces of window glass have been found as well as ironwork window grilles monastery villas of late antiquity edit with the decline and collapse of the western roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls in england the villas were abandoned looted and burned by anglo saxon invaders in the fifth century but the concept of an isolated self sufficient agrarian working community housed close together survived into anglo saxon culture as the vill with its inhabitants if formally bound to the land as villeins in regions on the continent aristocrats and territorial magnates donated large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones to individual monks these might become the nuclei of monasteries in this way the italian villa system of late antiquity survived into the early medieval period in the form of monasteries that withstood the disruptions of the gothic war 535 554 and the lombards about 529 benedict of nursia established his influential monastery of monte cassino in the ruins of a villa at subiaco that had belonged to nero from the sixth to the eighth century gallo roman villas in the merovingian royal fisc were repeatedly donated as sites for monasteries under royal patronage in gaul saint maur des fossés and fleury abbey provide examples in germany a famous example is echternach as late as 698 willibrord established an abbey at a roman villa of echternach near trier presented to him by irmina daughter of dagobert ii king of the franks kintzheim was villa regis the villa of the king around 590 saint eligius was born in a highly placed gallo roman family at the villa of chaptelat near limoges in aquitaine now france the abbey at stavelot was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near liège and the abbey of vézelay had a similar founding post roman era edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2024 learn how and when to remove this message as europe s influence spread to other cultures the form and use of the villa would also spread as well 5 in post roman times a villa referred to a self sufficient usually fortified italian or gallo roman farmstead it was economically as self sufficient as a village and its inhabitants who might be legally tied to it as serfs were villeins the merovingian franks inherited the concept followed by the carolingian french but the later french term was basti or bastide villa vila or its cognates is part of many spanish and portuguese placenames like vila real and villadiego a villa vila is a town with a charter fuero or foral of lesser importance than a ciudad cidade city when it is associated with a personal name villa was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town later evolution has made the hispanic distinction between villas and ciudades a purely honorific one madrid is the villa y corte the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile royal court but the much smaller ciudad real was declared ciudad by the spanish crown italian renaissance edit the villa di medici by giuliano da sangallo 1470 poggio a caiano tuscany modernvillaco tuscany edit further information medici villas in 14th and 15th century italy a villa once more connoted a country house like the first medici villas the villa del trebbio and that at cafaggiolo both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the mugello region near florence in 1450 giovanni de medici commenced on a hillside the villa medici in fiesole tuscany probably the first villa created under the instructions of leon battista alberti who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his de re aedificatoria villa di pratolino with lower half of the gardens by giusto utens museo topografico florence these first examples of renaissance villa predate the age of lorenzo de medici who added the villa di poggio a caiano by giuliano da sangallo begun in 1470 in poggio a caiano province of prato tuscany from tuscany the idea of villa was spread again through renaissance italy and europe tuscan villa gardens edit main article italian renaissance garden the quattrocento villa gardens were treated as a fundamental and aesthetic link between a residential building and the outdoors with views over a humanized agricultural landscape at that time the only desirable aspect of nature later villas and gardens include the palazzo pitti and boboli gardens in florence and the villa di pratolino in vaglia rome edit rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth century city the progenitor the first villa suburbana built since antiquity was the belvedere or palazzetto designed by antonio del pollaiuolo and built on the slope above the vatican palace the villa madama the design of which attributed to raphael and carried out by giulio romano in 1520 was one of the most influential private houses ever built elements derived from villa madama appeared in villas through the 19th century villa albani was built near the porta salaria other are the villa borghese the villa doria pamphili 1650 the villa giulia of pope julius iii 1550 designed by vignola the roman villas villa ludovisi and villa montalto were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the real estate bubble that took place in rome after the seat of government of a united italy was established at rome the cool hills of frascati gained the villa aldobrandini 1592 the villa falconieri and the villa mondragone the villa d este near tivoli is famous for the water play in its terraced gardens the villa medici was on the edge of rome on the pincian hill when it was built in 1540 besides these designed for seasonal pleasure usually located within easy distance of a city other italian villas were remade from a rocca or castello as the family seat of power such as villa caprarola for the farnese 6 near siena in tuscany the villa cetinale was built by cardinal flavio chigi he employed carlo fontana pupil of gian lorenzo bernini to transform the villa and dramatic gardens in a roman baroque style by 1680 the villa lante garden is one of the most sublime creations of the italian villa in the landscape completed in the 17th century villa doria pamphili rome venice edit main articles palladian architecture and palladian villas of the veneto villa capra la rotonda in vicenza one of palladio s most influential designs in the later 16th century in the northeastern italian peninsula the palladian villas of the veneto designed by andrea palladio 1508 1580 were built in vicenza in the republic of venice palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting he often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas while focusing on symmetry and perfect proportion 7 examples are the villa emo the villa godi the villa forni cerato the villa capra la rotonda and villa foscari the villas are grouped into an association associazione ville venete and offer touristic itineraries and accommodation possibilities villas elsewhere edit 17th century edit soon after in greenwich england following his 1613 1615 grand tour inigo jones designed and built the queen s house between 1615 and 1617 in an early palladian architecture style adaptation in another country the palladian villa style renewed its influence in different countries and eras and remained influential for over four hundred years with the neo palladian a part of the late 17th century and on renaissance revival architecture period oud wassenaar castle is a nineteenth century villa a large country residence in wassenaar the netherlands 18th and 19th centuries edit in the early 18th century the english took up the term and applied it to compact houses in the country 8 especially those accessible from london chiswick house is an example of such a party villa thanks to the revival of interest in palladio and inigo jones soon neo palladian villas dotted the valley of the river thames and english countryside marble hill house in england was conceived originally as a villa in...
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