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al colours specifically 33 with the passage of the statute of westminster in 1931 canada and other dominions became fully sovereign from the united kingdom this had the effect of elevating the canadian coat of arms which had been granted as deputed arms for particular uses in a colony to the status of the royal arms of the king in right of the country for general purposes throughout the country they thus replaced the british coat of arms which had previously been arms of general purpose throughout the british empire in courtrooms and on government buildings to represent the reigning monarch this change can be seen in the great seal of canada of king george vi where the royal arms of canada replaced the british arms and is even more evident in the great seal of canada for queen elizabeth ii on which the title queen of canada is used 34 by 1957 the arms were redrawn by alan beddoe so as to have red leaves and to change the royal crown from a tudor design to one more resembling st edward s crown as preferred by queen elizabeth ii 17 to mark the 1982 patriation of the canadian constitution which finally ended the last vestiges of the british parliament s role in amending the constitution a mcgill university student named bruce hicks proposed to secretary of state gerald regan that the motto of the order of canada at the time the country s highest civilian honour for merit be placed around the shield in order to bring these royal arms into line with other royal arms displayed in canada holdovers from the time of french scottish and english colonisation on which a symbol of those countries highest national order of honour appeared around the shield the british arms displayed the order of the garter the scottish royal arms the order of the thistle and the royalist arms of the french ancien régime the order of the holy spirit and order of saint michael 35 while unsuccessful in this first attempt hicks continued his campaign and was joined by a number of other amateur and professional heraldists as a journalist in the parliamentary press gallery in ottawa in the late 1980s and early 90s hicks strategically recast the change as something worth doing to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the order of canada s founding in 1992 an idea that was endorsed by the advisory committee on the order of canada 36 it took until 1994 for the queen to approve the new design for general use though the canadian heraldic authority established by the queen in 1988 began to allow for its limited use beginning in 1987 where the arms were used to represent the queen personally on letters patent granting new arms for distinguished canadians 4 these letters patent carried the shield from the royal arms along with the annulus behind the shield bearing the motto of the order of canada desiderantes meliorem patriam as soon as royal approval was forthcoming the full achievement was redesigned for use by the federal government within the federal identity program 17 the present design of the arms of canada was drawn by cathy bursey sabourin fraser herald at the canadian heraldic authority 37 member of parliament pat martin introduced in june 2008 a motion into the house of commons calling on the government to amend the coat of arms to incorporate symbols representing canada s first nations inuit and métis peoples 38 as chadwick had suggested in 1917 after the coronation of king charles iii and queen camilla on 6 may 2023 the canadian heraldic authority revealed a new canadian royal crown featuring maple leaves a snowflake and symbols with meaning to canada s indigenous peoples the authority stated changes will take place in due course 39 armorial evolution 1868 1870 quartering the arms of the four founding provinces 1870 1873 addition of manitoba 1873 1907 addition of british columbia and prince edward island 1907 1921 addition of saskatchewan and alberta 1921 1923 1923 1957 1957 1994 use the supreme court of canada courtroom displaying the arms of canada on the focal wall the canadian coat of arms outside a canada post office in saint hyacinthe the coat of arms being those of the sovereign and the state is used to signify national sovereignty and ownership 40 41 the federal government uses the arms to represent the state under the federal identity program 42 and as a mark of authority for various government agencies and representatives including cabinet 43 and the prime minister within it 44 and the supreme court 45 as well as the canadian armed forces and royal canadian mounted police rcmp 49 in the latter two the most senior non commissioned ranks wear the 1957 version of the arms as a badge of rank representing the fact that they have received the king s warrant as opposed to the king s commission for officers the arms of canada is also present on all pre polymer denominations of canadian banknotes printed on each bill in a way that functions as a security feature 50 as well as the 50 coin 51 and on the cover of canadian passports 52 permanent resident cards issued from 2009 to 2015 feature a holographic representation of the 1957 version of the coat of arms 53 the full achievement of the coat of arms has been used by the canadian government on occasion on a plain red flag such as in 1967 for the country s centennial celebrations 54 it is also used on a flag in its full achievement in military ceremonies such as canadian armed forces tattoo performances 55 as the royal arms are personal to the sovereign they cannot be used without the king s consent 56 the coat of arms as designed in 1921 and revised in 1957 and in 1994 are protected under the trade marks act and the copyright act and cannot be used or reproduced without authorization 42 further marks and designs similar to the official symbols are pursued as a copyright or trade mark infringement 42 the trade marks act further states that no person shall adopt in connection with a business as a trade mark or otherwise any mark consisting of or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for the arms crest or flag adopted and used at any time by canada 57 in addition under crown copyright permission is always required when the work is being revised adapted or translated regardless if the purpose of the reproduction is for personal or public non commercial distribution 58 designs derived from the arms top to bottom the sovereign s flag for canada the flag of the governor general of canada the badge of the house of commons of canada all designs take elements from the arms of canada the banner of the arms was in 2023 also made the sovereign s flag 59 for use by the monarch in canada and when representing canada abroad between 1962 and 2022 the banner of arms defaced with a variant of the queen s cypher formed the queen s personal canadian flag for use by queen elizabeth ii 60 six additional personal flags for other members of the canadian royal family were created in the 2010s all using a similar design with the banner of the arms as their base the personal flag of the governor general has since 1981 featured the crest of the royal arms of canada on a blue background 61 62 with the support of former speakers of the house of commons john fraser and gilbert parent bruce hicks campaigned for the canadian parliament to have a distinct heraldic symbol along the lines of the portcullis variations of which are used by the commons and lords in the british parliament 63 in response member of parliament derek lee tabled a motion calling for a committee to be struck which passed hicks and robert watt the first chief herald of canada were called as the only two expert witnesses though senator serge joyal joined the committee ex officio on behalf of the senate the commons speaker peter milliken 64 then asked the canadian heraldic authority to design such a symbol and on 15 february 2008 the governor general authorized the house of commons to begin using a badge consisting of the shield of the royal arms superimposed on the ceremonial mace assigned to the house of commons as a symbol of the royal authority under which it operates 65 66 following the commons example the senate then requested and obtained exactly two months later a similar badge for itself with the shield of the royal arms surmounted on the mace assigned to the senate 67 blazon the heraldic blazon of canada s coat of arms as declared in the 1921 proclamation is tierced in fesse the first and second divisions containing the quarterly coat following namely 1st gules three lions passant guardant in pale or 2nd or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter flory gules 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent 4th azure three fleurs de lis or and the third division argent three maple leaves conjoined on one stem proper and upon a royal helmet mantled argent doubled gules the crest that is to say on a wreath of the colours argent and gules a lion passant guardant or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf gules and for supporters on the dexter a lion rampant or holding a lance argent point or flying therefrom to the dexter the union flag and on the sinister a unicorn argent armed crined and unguled or gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto reflexed of the last and holding a like lance flying therefrom to the sinister a banner azure charged with three fleurs de lis or the whole ensigned with the imperial crown proper and below the shield upon a wreath composed of roses thistles shamrocks and lillies a scroll azure inscribed with the motto a mari usque ad mare 28 29 the circlet of the order of canada was added around the shield for limited use in 1987 and for general use in 1994 4 symbolism element description image crown the coat of arms are surmounted by a rendition of st edward s crown which has been used in the coronations of canada s monarchs this element represents canada s status as a constitutional monarchy headed by a sovereign king or queen 5 this style of crown was that preferred by queen elizabeth ii and was modernized in 1957 from the 1921 design which used the tudor crown 17 26 crest the crest is based on the royal crest of the united kingdom but differenced by the addition of a maple leaf 17 and symbolizes the sovereignty of canada 68 it appears on the flag of the governor general 68 symbolizing that the governor general is a representative of the sovereign the crest consists of a crowned gold lion standing on a twisted wreath of red and white silk and holding a maple leaf in its right paw helm the arms show a royal helmet which is a barred helm of gold embossed with a maple leaf design looking outward with mantling of white and red stylized in the official version to look like maple leaves 69 escutcheon the escutcheon is divided into five sections the first division at the viewer s top left contains the three golden lions that have been a symbol of england since at least the reign of king richard i 70 the second quarter bears the red lion rampant of scotland in a double treasure border with fleurs de lis used as a symbol of scotland since at least the reign of william i the third quarter shows the irish harp of tara the fourth quarter shows the royal banner of france or bourbon flag with three gold fleurs de lis on blue field arranged two and one symbolizing royal france 71 the fifth charge a sprig of red maple leaves at the bottom is at first a distinctly french canadian symbol 72 that became gradually identified with the entire country throughout the end of the 19th century 73 the arrangement of three leaves on one sprig was first seen on a saint jean baptiste day poster in 1850 27 they were first proposed as a symbol in 1834 were established in 1868 on the arms of quebec and ontario and officially became the national emblem in 1965 with the proclamation of the flag of canada 69 initially the leaves were depicted as coloured green on the coat of arms because it was thought to represent youth as opposed to the red colour of dying leaves in autumn 17 however they are blazoned as proper so could be shown as either red or green and it is the blazon rather than any depiction which is regarded as authoritative 26 the leaves were later redrawn in official depictions in 1957 with the current colour to be in line with the official colours of canada they are further stylized in that natural maple leaves do not grow in sprigs of three beginning in the 1960s there developed an interpretation of the leaves as symbolic of canadian multiculturalism the country s different groups of people separate but also joined together there is however no record from the designing committee indicates there was any intention behind the particular arrangement of the leaves the choice of three leaves appears to have been aesthetic 27 the shield forms the basis of the royal standards of canada 60 ribbon the ribbon also called a circlet is marked desiderantes meliorem patriam meaning desiring a better country which is the motto of the order of canada taken from hebrews 11 16 this component was added by the queen in 1987 on the advice of prime minister brian mulroney 4 with the patriation of oversight of arms to canada through the canadian heraldic authority the following year 74 the constitution of the order of canada was amended to include entitlement by all recipients to encircle their own arms with the ribbon if arms are granted to them 75 since 1994 the arms used by government ministers and institutions have slowly changed to reflect the new version with the ribbon 17 motto the motto of canada is in latin a mari usque ad mare from sea to sea a part of psalm 72 8 76 this phrase was suggested by joseph pope then under secretary of state when the arms were redesigned in 1921 30 the motto was originally used in 1906 on the head of the mace of the legislative assembly of saskatchewan 76 in march 2006 the premiers of canada s three territories called for the amendment of the motto to better reflect the vast geographic nature of canada s territory 77 as canada has coastlines on the arctic atlantic and pacific oceans two suggestions for a new motto are a mari ad mare ad mare from sea to sea to sea and a mari usque ad maria from the sea to the other seas 78 79 supporters supporting the shield on either side are the english lion and scottish unicorn which are also the supporters of the uk coat of arms 30 the english lion 17 stands on the viewer s left and holds a gold pointed silver lance flying the royal union flag the scottish unicorn 17 has a gold horn a gold mane gold hooves and around its neck a gold chained coronet of crosses and fleurs de lis it holds a lance flying a banner of royalist france the three gold fleurs de lis on a blue background 30 unlike the british version the lion is not crowned nor is it facing the viewer the broken chain on the unicorn symbolizes the unicorn s resistance to oppression 17 compartment the entire coat of arms rests on the compartment which is mad...
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