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e to the attention of numerous hacking communities brickerbot a piece of malware that targeted iot devices used pdos attacks to disable its targets 88 phlashdance is a tool created by rich smith an employee of hewlett packard s systems security lab used to detect and demonstrate pdos vulnerabilities at the 2008 eusecwest applied security conference in london uk 89 reflected attack edit a distributed denial of service attack may involve sending forged requests of some type to a very large number of computers that will reply to the requests using internet protocol address spoofing the source address is set to that of the targeted victim which means all the replies will go to and flood the target this reflected attack form is sometimes called a distributed reflective denial of service drdos attack 90 icmp echo request attacks smurf attacks can be considered one form of reflected attack as the flooding hosts send echo requests to the broadcast addresses of mis configured networks thereby enticing hosts to send echo reply packets to the victim some early ddos programs implemented a distributed form of this attack amplification edit amplification attacks are used to magnify the bandwidth that is sent to a victim many services can be exploited to act as reflectors some harder to block than others 91 us cert have observed that different services may result in different amplification factors as tabulated below 92 udp based amplification attacks protocol amplification factor notes mitel micollab 2 200 000 000 93 memcached 50 000 fixed in version 1 5 6 94 ntp 556 9 fixed in version 4 2 7p26 95 chargen 358 8 dns up to 179 96 qotd 140 3 quake network protocol 63 9 fixed in version 71 bittorrent 4 0 54 3 97 fixed in libutp since 2015 coap 10 50 arms 33 5 ssdp 30 8 kad 16 3 snmpv2 6 3 steam protocol 5 5 netbios 3 8 dns amplification attacks involves an attacker sending a dns name lookup request to one or more public dns servers spoofing the source ip address of the targeted victim the attacker tries to request as much information as possible thus amplifying the dns response that is sent to the targeted victim since the size of the request is significantly smaller than the response the attacker is easily able to increase the amount of traffic directed at the target 98 99 simple network management protocol snmp and network time protocol ntp can also be exploited as reflectors in an amplification attack an example of an amplified ddos attack through the ntp is through a command called monlist which sends the details of the last 600 hosts that have requested the time from the ntp server back to the requester a small request to this time server can be sent using a spoofed source ip address of some victim which results in a response 556 9 times the size of the request being sent to the victim this becomes amplified when using botnets that all send requests with the same spoofed ip source which will result in a massive amount of data being sent back to the victim 100 it is very difficult to defend against these types of attacks because the response data is coming from legitimate servers these attack requests are also sent through udp which does not require a connection to the server this means that the source ip is not verified when a request is received by the server to bring awareness of these vulnerabilities campaigns have been started that are dedicated to finding amplification vectors which have led to people fixing their resolvers or having the resolvers shut down completely citation needed mirai botnet edit the mirai botnet works by using a computer worm to infect hundreds of thousands of iot devices across the internet the worm propagates through networks and systems taking control of poorly protected iot devices such as thermostats wi fi enabled clocks and washing machines 101 the owner or user will usually have no immediate indication of when the device becomes infected the iot device itself is not the direct target of the attack it is used as part of a larger attack 102 once the hacker has enslaved the desired number of devices they instruct the devices to try to contact an isp in october 2016 a mirai botnet attacked dyn which is the isp for sites such as twitter netflix etc 101 as soon as this occurred these websites were all unreachable for several hours r u dead yet rudy edit rudy attack targets web applications by starvation of available sessions on the web server much like slowloris rudy keeps sessions at a halt using never ending post transmissions and sending an arbitrarily large content length header value 103 sack panic edit manipulating maximum segment size and selective acknowledgement sack may be used by a remote peer to cause a denial of service by an integer overflow in the linux kernel potentially causing a kernel panic 104 jonathan looney discovered cve 2019 11477 cve 2019 11478 cve 2019 11479 on june 17 2019 105 shrew attack edit the shrew attack is a denial of service attack on the transmission control protocol where the attacker employs man in the middle techniques it exploits a weakness in tcp s re transmission timeout mechanism using short synchronized bursts of traffic to disrupt tcp connections on the same link 106 slow read attack edit a slow read attack sends legitimate application layer requests but reads responses very slowly keeping connections open longer hoping to exhaust the server s connection pool the slow read is achieved by advertising a very small number for the tcp receive window size and at the same time emptying clients tcp receive buffer slowly which causes a very low data flow rate 107 sophisticated low bandwidth distributed denial of service attack edit a sophisticated low bandwidth ddos attack is a form of dos that uses less traffic and increases its effectiveness by aiming at a weak point in the victim s system design i e the attacker sends traffic consisting of complicated requests to the system 108 essentially a sophisticated ddos attack is lower in cost due to its use of less traffic is smaller in size making it more difficult to identify and it can hurt systems which are protected by flow control mechanisms 108 109 syn flood edit a syn flood occurs when a host sends a flood of tcp syn packets often with a forged sender address each of these packets is handled like a connection request causing the server to spawn a half open connection send back a tcp syn ack packet and wait for a packet in response from the sender address however because the sender s address is forged the response never comes these half open connections exhaust the available connections the server can make keeping it from responding to legitimate requests until after the attack ends 110 teardrop attacks edit see also ip fragmentation attack a teardrop attack involves sending mangled ip fragments with overlapping oversized payloads to the target machine this can crash various operating systems because of a bug in their tcp ip fragmentation re assembly code 111 windows 3 1x windows 95 and windows nt operating systems as well as versions of linux before versions 2 0 32 and 2 1 63 are vulnerable to this attack b one of the fields in an ip header is the fragment offset field indicating the starting position or offset of the data contained in a fragmented packet relative to the data in the original packet if the sum of the offset and size of one fragmented packet differs from that of the next fragmented packet the packets overlap when this happens a server vulnerable to teardrop attacks is unable to reassemble the packets resulting in a denial of service condition 114 telephony denial of service edit voice over ip has made abusive origination of large numbers of telephone voice calls inexpensive and easily automated while permitting call origins to be misrepresented through caller id spoofing according to the us federal bureau of investigation telephony denial of service tdos has appeared as part of various fraudulent schemes a scammer contacts the victim s banker or broker impersonating the victim to request a funds transfer the banker s attempt to contact the victim for verification of the transfer fails as the victim s telephone lines are being flooded with bogus calls rendering the victim unreachable 115 a scammer contacts consumers with a bogus claim to collect an outstanding payday loan for thousands of dollars when the consumer objects the scammer retaliates by flooding the victim s employer with automated calls in some cases the displayed caller id is spoofed to impersonate police or law enforcement agencies 116 swatting a scammer contacts consumers with a bogus debt collection demand and threatens to send police when the victim balks the scammer floods local police numbers with calls on which caller id is spoofed to display the victim s number police soon arrive at the victim s residence attempting to find the origin of the calls tdos can exist even without internet telephony in the 2002 new hampshire senate election phone jamming scandal telemarketers were used to flood political opponents with spurious calls to jam phone banks on election day widespread publication of a number can also flood it with enough calls to render it unusable as happened by accident in 1981 with multiple 1 area code 867 5309 subscribers inundated by hundreds of calls daily in response to the song 867 5309 jenny tdos differs from other telephone harassment such as prank calls and obscene phone calls by the number of calls originated by occupying lines continuously with repeated automated calls the victim is prevented from making or receiving both routine and emergency telephone calls related exploits include sms flooding attacks and black fax or continuous fax transmission by using a loop of paper at the sender ttl expiry attack edit it takes more router resources to drop a packet with a ttl value of 1 or less than it does to forward a packet with a higher ttl value when a packet is dropped due to ttl expiry the router cpu must generate and send an icmp time exceeded response generating many of these responses can overload the router s cpu 117 upnp attack edit a upnp attack uses an existing vulnerability in universal plug and play upnp protocol to get past network security and flood a target s network and servers the attack is based on a dns amplification technique but the attack mechanism is a upnp router that forwards requests from one outer source to another the upnp router returns the data on an unexpected udp port from a bogus ip address making it harder to take simple action to shut down the traffic flood according to the imperva researchers the most effective way to stop this attack is for companies to lock down upnp routers 118 119 ssdp reflection attack edit in 2014 it was discovered that simple service discovery protocol ssdp was being used in ddos attacks known as an ssdp reflection attac k with amplification many devices including some residential routers have a vulnerability in the upnp software that allows an attacker to get replies from udp port 1900 to a destination address of their choice with a botnet of thousands of devices the attackers can generate sufficient packet rates and occupy bandwidth to saturate links causing the denial of service 120 121 122 because of this weakness the network company cloudflare has described ssdp as the stupidly simple ddos protocol 122 arp spoofing edit arp spoofing is a common dos attack that involves a vulnerability in the arp protocol that allows an attacker to associate their mac address to the ip address of another computer or gateway causing traffic intended for the original authentic ip to be re routed to that of the attacker causing a denial of service defense techniques edit main article ddos mitigation defensive responses to denial of service attacks typically involve the use of a combination of attack detection traffic classification and response tools aiming to block traffic the tools identify as illegitimate and allow traffic that they identify as legitimate 123 a list of response tools include the following upstream filtering edit all traffic destined to the victim is diverted to pass through a cleaning center or a scrubbing center via various methods such as changing the victim ip address in the dns system tunneling methods gre vrf mpls sdn 124 proxies digital cross connects or even direct circuits the cleaning center separates bad traffic ddos and also other common internet attacks and only passes good legitimate traffic to the victim server 125 the victim needs central connectivity to the internet to use this kind of service unless they happen to be located within the same facility as the cleaning center ddos attacks can overwhelm any type of hardware firewall and passing malicious traffic through large and mature networks becomes more and more effective and economically sustainable against ddos 126 application front end hardware edit application front end hardware is intelligent hardware placed on the network before traffic reaches the servers it can be used on networks in conjunction with routers and switches and as part of bandwidth management application front end hardware analyzes data packets as they enter the network and identifies and drops dangerous or suspicious flows application level key completion indicators edit approaches to detection of ddos attacks against cloud based applications may be based on an application layer analysis indicating whether incoming bulk traffic is legitimate 127 these approaches mainly rely on an identified path of value inside the application and monitor the progress of requests on this path through markers called key completion indicators 128 in essence these techniques are statistical methods of assessing the behavior of incoming requests to detect if something unusual or abnormal is going on an analogy is to a brick and mortar department store where customers spend on average a known percentage of their time on different activities such as picking up items and examining them putting them back filling a basket waiting to pay paying and leaving if a mob of customers arrived in the store and spent all their time picking up items and putting them back but never made any purchases this could be flagged as unusual behavior blackholing and sinkholing edit with blackhole routing all the traffic to the attacked dns or ip address is sent to a black hole null interface or a non existent server to be more efficient and avoid affecting network connectivity it can be managed by the isp 129 a dns sinkhole routes traffic to a valid ip address which analyzes traffic and rejects bad packets sinkholing may not be efficient for severe attacks ips based prevention edit intrusion prevention systems ips are effective if the attacks have signatures associated with them however the trend among attacks is to have legitimate content but bad intent intrusion prevention systems that work on content recognition cannot block behavior based dos attacks...
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