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nt that often stop survivors from accusing their traffickers or seeking help 17 21 19 after tpva s initial implementation several agencies and task forces were created the act has also undergone multiple revisions and authorizations in february 2000 the department of justice established a trafficking in persons and worker exploitation task force hotline that increased the number of trafficking cases that were opened and investigated 16 in 2001 the office to monitor and combat trafficking in persons was established 16 in both 2001 and 2003 new criminal statues were added to tvpa to make it easier to prosecute traffickers 16 in 2003 tpva was amended to provide access to civil remedies to trafficking cases to reduce a survivor s reliance on the criminal justice system 16 the act was reauthorized in 2003 2005 2008 and 2013 17 16 the state department publishes an annual trafficking in persons report tip reports which examines the progress that the u s and other countries have made in destroying human trafficking businesses arresting the traffickers and supporting the victims 16 161 162 163 on the state level sex trafficking legislation varies in terms of definitions and approaches 21 california sex trafficking legislation offers legal protection for women so they can make choices outside the criminal justice system and pursue civil remedies 22 california legislation also offers case worker privileges in sex trafficking cases 22 in connecticut in addition to safe harbor laws for minor victims of sex trafficking there is also an emphasis on educating employees in the hotel industry to identify sex trafficking 21 the logic is that since trafficking activities often happen in hotels employees need to be able to identify and report these occurrences there are also arguments that the hotel industry needs to be offered incentives to report sex trafficking since they benefit financially from having guests in their hotels 21 another provision in connecticut s sex trafficking legislation is increased punishment for purchasers of sex 21 in july 2019 the federal bureau of investigation fbi conducted a month long operation to detect and detain sex traffickers and recover child victims more than 100 sex trafficking victims were successfully rescued across the united states under the initiative called operation independence day besides a total of 67 suspected traffickers were arrested 164 towards the end of 2021 president joe biden signed an updated plan to fight against human trafficking it is titled the national action plan to combat human trafficking nap 165 the new version is targeted toward those in society that are most impacted by trafficking this includes marginalized groups who disproportionately face social and economic inequalities and are thus more susceptible to being trafficked 165 it is a three year plan that entails improved protection for victims a stronger indictment of traffickers and other preventative measures 166 the national action plan requires collaboration between all levels of government and agencies to effectively support anti trafficking services and policies 165 it relies on trafficking survivors advice on what preventative measures should be taken as well as what protections and resources need to be allocated to survivors 165 the plan aims to address the needs of marginalized communities by improving racial and gender disparities improving workers rights and establishing safe migration 166 starting with president obama in 2010 every consecutive president has declared january to be the month to educate and raise awareness regarding human trafficking january has become national human trafficking prevention month 167 during this time efforts and progress to prevent trafficking are celebrated 168 the u s department of state is tasked with disseminating information regarding human trafficking internationally 167 this is to continue the conversation and emphasize the importance of anti trafficking efforts around the globe during january individuals are taught how they can work together to identify prevent and respond to trafficking 168 council of europe edit complementary protection is ensured through the council of europe convention on the protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse signed in lanzarote october 25 2007 the convention entered into force on july 1 2010 169 as of november 2020 the convention has been ratified by 47 states with ireland having signed but not yet ratified 170 the goal of the convention is to provide the framework for an independent and effective monitoring system that holds the member states accountable for addressing human trafficking and providing protecting to victims 171 to monitor the implementation of this act the council of europe established the group of experts on action against trafficking in human beings greta 172 the convention address the structure and purpose of greta and holds the group accountable to publish reports evaluating the measures taken by the states who have signed the convention 172 other government actions edit actions taken to combat human trafficking vary from government to government 173 some government actions include introducing legislation specifically aimed at criminalizing human trafficking developing co operation between law enforcement agencies and non government organizations ngos of numerous nations and raising awareness of the issue raising awareness can take three forms first governments can raise awareness among potential victims particularly in countries where human traffickers are active second they can raise awareness amongst the police social welfare workers and immigration officers to equip them to deal appropriately with the problem and finally in countries where prostitution is legal or semi legal they can raise awareness amongst the clients of prostitution so that they can watch for signs of human trafficking victims methods to raise general awareness often include television programs documentary films internet communications and posters 174 criticism of prevention and intervention efforts edit main article human trafficking criticism many countries have come under criticism for inaction or ineffective action criticisms include the failure of governments to properly identify and protect trafficking victims enactment of immigration policies which potentially re victimize trafficking victims including by deporting them and insufficient action in helping prevent vulnerable populations from becoming trafficking victims 175 176 a particular criticism has been the reluctance of some countries to tackle trafficking for purposes other than sex 177 178 179 studies of sex work and anti sex trafficking efforts intended to combat sex trafficking or provide support to victims have raised concerns over the unintended effects of certain national and international policies law enforcement strategies and activist efforts on both sex trafficked individuals and non trafficked sex workers for example the united states tier 2 assessment of japan on its 2004 tip report 180 encouraged the japanese government to add additional constraints to its procedures and policies for obtaining an entertainer visa sometimes used by migrant workers seeking employment at businesses within the sex industry 181 however these regulations provided opportunities for some third party facilitators of these visas to exploit migrants while also limiting migrants ability to leave employers with poor working conditions or overly restrictive practices such as holding their passports or limiting their ability to leave the premises of the business 182 181 practices of law enforcement officers in some countries have also been criticized for incentivizing non trafficked sex workers to declare themselves to be trafficking victims and enter aid and rehabilitation programs to avoid prison sentences for prostitution charges 183 non governmental organizations ngos edit many ngos work on the issue of sex trafficking one major ngo is the international justice mission ijm ijm is a u s based non profit human rights organization that combats human trafficking in developing countries in latin america asia and africa ijm states that it is a human rights agency that brings rescue to victims of slavery sexual exploitation and other forms of violent oppression it is a faith based organization since its purported goal is to restore to victims of oppression the things that god intends for them their lives their liberty their dignity the fruits of their labor 184 the ijm receives over 900 000 from the u s government 185 the organization has two methods for rescuing victims brothel raids in cooperation with local police and buy bust operations in which undercover agencies pretend to purchase sex services from an underage girl after the raid and rescue the women are sent to rehabilitation programs run by ngos such as churches or the government citation needed there are also survivor led organizations that provide services to victims of exploitation and trafficking including treasures founded by harmony dust grillo in 2003 and gems founded by rachel lloyd in 1998 there are also national non governmental organizations working on the issue of human trafficking including sex trafficking in kenya for example awareness against human trafficking haart works on ending all human trafficking in the country 186 haart has also participated in the unanima international stop the demand campaign 187 in india j walter thompson amsterdam has opened a school called school for justice here survivors of sex trafficking are educated to become lawyers the entire program is expected to take five to six years for each girl to complete the women will graduate with law degrees with a special focus on commercial sexual exploitation cases jwt hopes that one day they may become prosecutors or even judges empowered to combat the criminals who once exploited and abused them 188 ngos often have the best of intentions when combating sex trafficking ngos are often funded by the west and are implemented in countries that have a very different culture research shows that employees of the western ngos are slow to adapt to the culture of the community they are providing services to this often leads to a disconnect between the ngo and the community employees of ngos hold the responsibility of relaying the narrative of sex trafficked people this can create a hierarchical structure that makes the voice of western ngos as more legitimate than the voice of the people they are serving thus reinforcing the essentialized notion of third world women as backwards and other 177 189 190 japan is a popular place for sex trafficking japan has a long history with the trade of women for sex for a good part of the country s history sex work was legal in japan this makes it difficult for the government to decipher between legal sex work and illegal prostitution this is where ngos step in to assist the government ngos provide services in countries where the government policies are failing to combat a specific issue however in japan it is difficult for ngos focused on issues with women to receive local funding this weak political support makes the work for ngos in japan much more difficult japan s lack of support for women s rights shows why the role of ngos is so important in that country 191 campaigns and initiatives edit public information campaigns are defined as a government directed and sponsored effort to communicate to the public or a segment of the public in order to achieve a policy result 189 192 in the past ten years spain has seen a surge of sex trafficking in light of this crisis social movements organizations and government institutions have enacted policies like the second national plan against sex trafficking and anti trafficking laws campaigns to fight against sex trafficking in spain between 2008 and 2017 have been examined by researchers their research showed that many campaigns focus on the narrative of the victim as vulnerable and weak rather than focusing on the actual crime of sex trafficking and the economic system that allows it to flourish according to the research these narratives disempower sex trafficked people through repeated language of vulnerability and innocence the researchers explain that the lack of information provided in these campaigns hinders their success campaigns will throw out huge numbers of women exploited into sex work but gives no context to the system that allows sex trafficking to flourish 193 in 1994 global alliance against traffic in women was established to combat trafficking in women on any grounds it is an alliance of more than 100 non governmental organizations from africa asia europe latin america the caribbean and north america 194 the popular tv channel mtv started a campaign to combat sex trafficking the initiative called mtv exit end exploitation and trafficking is a multimedia initiative produced by mtv exit foundation formerly known as the mtv europe foundation to raise awareness and increase prevention of human trafficking 195 196 another campaign is the a21 campaign abolishing injustice in the 21st century which focuses on addressing human trafficking through a holistic approach 197 they provide potential victims with the education and valuable information on how to best reduce their likelihood of being trafficked through strategies that reduce their vulnerability the organization also provides safe environments for victims and runs restoration programs in their aftercare facilities 197 in addition they provide legal council and representation to victims so they can prosecute their traffickers another key component of the campaign is to help influence legislation to enact more comprehensive laws that place more traffickers in prison 197 the vast majority of victims who received assistance were from the netherlands and the number of victims served increased by 42 percent from 2012 the campaign allocates the majority of their funds to providing victims health and nutritional care and education not for sale provides a safe shelter for victims and empowers them with life skills and job training 198 this helps trafficked individuals re enter into the workforce through a dignified form of work in the organization s 2013 annual impact report it was determined that 75 percent of the victims had been sexually exploited 199 while globalization fostered new technologies that may exacerbate sex trafficking technology can also be used to assist law enforcement and anti trafficking efforts a study was done on online classified ads surrounding the super bowl a number of reports have noticed increase in sex trafficking during previous years of the super bowl 200 for the 2011 super bowl held in dallas texas the backpage website for the dallas area experienced a 136 percent increase on the number of posts in the adult section that sunday 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