Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, licensing, modes, radio, activity, amateur, contents, history, practice, radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy, of, communication, footnotes, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, ham, community, social, use, digital, computer, assisted, television, repeater, systems, space, atmospheric, propagation, requirements, reciprocal, newcomers, call, signs, privileges, band, plans, frequency, allocations, voice, image, text, data, by, notes, citations,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (356), radio (276), and (183), #amateur (164), for (88), may (70), antenna (70), retrieved (66), from (58), are (52), call (48), 000 (43), with (41), ham (41), original (41), archived (40), mhz (39), license (37), modes (35), international (32), communication (32), frequency (32), edit (32), use (31), communications (30), code (29), 2025 (28), org (27), also (27), sign (26), licensing (26), operators (25), arrl (24), amateurs (24), countries (24), 2007 (23), american (22), station (22), isbn (21), used (21), xxx (21), equipment (20), signs (20), www (20), national (19), service (19), this (18), morse (18), digital (18), january (18), pdf (18), other (17), spectrum (17), electronics (17), canada (17), league (17), 2010 (17), part (17), power (17), have (17), ghz (17), mobile (16), united (16), bands (16), relay (16), can (16), states (15), wireless (15), new (15), regulations (15), itu (14), television (14), fcc (14), licence (14), december (14), not (14), country (14), some (14), internet (13), modulation (13), stations (13), that (13), such (13), history (12), information (12), frequencies (12), june (12), august (12), their (12), was (11), telecommunication (11), telecommunications (11), space (11), media (11), keying (11), 500 (11), government (11), federal (11), which (11), example (11), allocations (11), authority (10), network (10), satellite (10), system (10), band (10), emergency (10), australia (10), operator (10), 978 (10), notes (10), club (10), 2015 (10), but (10), most (10), about (9), november (9), services (9), data (9), john (9), telegraph (9), air (9), two (9), shift (9), all (9), magazine (9), first (9), 2012 (9), doi (9), union (9), many (9), these (9), licensed (9), three (9), toggle (8), using (8), non (8), september (8), control (8), list (8), packet (8), repeater (8), commercial (8), single (8), qst (8), high (8), october (8), via (8), 2022 (8), 2006 (8), article (8), ieee (8), examinations (8), higher (8), licenses (8), only (8), operating (8), one (8), region (8), wikipedia (7), foundation (7), page (7), transmission (7), computer (7), signal (7), general (7), specific (7), phase (7), software (7), technical (7), com (7), 2017 (7), transmissions (7), july (7), 2008 (7), commission (7), vanity (7), within (7), through (7), classes (7), access (7), individual (7), any (7), see (7), activity (7), require (7), provide (7), must (7), second (7), often (7), safety (6), text (6), under (6), link (6), portal (6), south (6), africa (6), cable (6), charles (6), telegraphy (6), systems (6), continuous (6), wave (6), vhf (6), array (6), mfsk (6), ssb (6), voice (6), has (6), society (6), class (6), 2003 (6), mode (6), when (6), office (6), march (6), 2011 (6), hams (6), february (6), required (6), they (6), generally (6), requirements (6), were (6), community (6), operate (6), worldwide (6), societies (6), main (6), digit (6), letter (6), reciprocal (6), propagation (6), subsection (6), search (5), additional (5), organization (5), commons (5), 2019 (5), regulation (5), europe (5), division (5), links (5), signals (5), social (5), image (5), automatic (5), aprs (5), professional (5), based (5), uhf (5), way (5), ft8 (5), pactor (5), rtty (5), 100 (5), irlp (5), transmitter (5), shortwave (5), echolink (5), atv (5), india (5), operation (5), net (5), book (5), 2001 (5), design (5), test (5), further (5), 2004 (5), kingdom (5), 2013 (5), wsjt (5), over (5), scan (5), standards (5), london (5), 2016 (5), intermediate (5), convention (5), issn (5), 1109 (5), bibcode (5), moon (5), 1996 (5), several (5), 450 (5), own (5), transmit (5), usually (5), sideband (5), although (5), allocation (5), 300 (5), 400 (5), including (5), certain (5), holders (5), than (5), limits (5), holder (5), local (5), issue (5), who (5), third (5), letters (5), its (5), newcomers (5), licences (5), experimentation (5), century (5), table (4), contents (4), contact (4), available (4), terms (4), apply (4), short (4), title (4), asia (4), networks (4), public (4), telephone (4), types (4), bandwidth (4), optical (4), robert (4), paul (4), cases (4), age (4), video (4), tone (4), range (4), multi (4), star (4), maritime (4), khz (4), common (4), ground (4), field (4), psk31 (4), olivia (4), multiple (4), amtor (4), people (4), journal (4), canadian (4), warc (4), uosat (4), ale (4), transceivers (4), iaru (4), 2009 (4), 87259 (4), 144 (4), great (4), britain (4), your (4), archive (4), institute (4), home (4), association (4), printing (4), british (4), plates (4), fees (4), report (4), april (4), how (4), development (4), conference (4), years (4), administrations (4), cept (4), america (4), level (4), modify (4), build (4), earth (4), baud (4), times (4), amplitude (4), special (4), internationally (4), few (4), allocated (4), parts (4), normally (4), without (4), obtain (4), jurisdictions (4), island (4), after (4), fee (4), full (4), examination (4), set (4), uses (4), because (4), skills (4), personal (4), radiotelegraphy (4), science (4), practice (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), last (3), category (3), wikidata (3), chinese (3), description (3), different (3), japan (3), global (3), americas (3), north (3), notable (3), circuit (3), free (3), bell (3), electrical (3), law (3), online (3), audio (3), script (3), off (3), radiotelephony (3), vehicle (3), talk (3), traffic (3), citizens (3), reflector (3), yagi (3), uda (3), log (3), inverted (3), wire (3), spread (3), hellschreiber (3), hell (3), psk (3), world (3), popular (3), modern (3), magazines (3), kitsat (3), cape (3), award (3), day (3), scatter (3), qrp (3), sstv (3), usa (3), organizations (3), awards (3), technology (3), speed (3), newington (3), handbook (3), technician (3), ward (3), now (3), read (3), 1995 (3), study (3), into (3), linking (3), project (3), allstarlink (3), what (3), fast (3), 313 (3), gov (3), booklet (3), conditions (3), corporation (3), more (3), limitations (3), mark (3), tech (3), life (3), thailand (3), 2000 (3), astronaut (3), meteor (3), topics (3), vol (3), natural (3), research (3), 2014 (3), bangladesh (3), start (3), published (3), annual (3), official (3), proficiency (3), below (3), requirement (3), effective (3), theory (3), references (3), worked (3), 430 (3), 148 (3), transmitters (3), privileges (3), low (3), known (3), includes (3), both (3), protocols (3), authorized (3), others (3), 250 (3), 200 (3), 650 (3), 850 (3), 800 (3), once (3), military (3), agency (3), allowed (3), during (3), members (3), zealand (3), each (3), long (3), plans (3), hold (3), allows (3), output (3), between (3), every (3), choice (3), regional (3), while (3), held (3), been (3), character (3), islands (3), whereas (3), either (3), typically (3), issued (3), instead (3), identifies (3), scotland (3), wales (3), granted (3), assigned (3), follows (3), always (3), practices (3), help (3), agreements (3), iarp (3), granting (3), valid (3), take (3), antennas (3), tests (3), atmospheric (3), weak (3), computers (3), 20th (3), english (3), tools (3), topic (2), languages (2), conduct (2), contacts (2), privacy (2), policy (2), registered (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), language (2), radiocommunication (2), databases (2), telex (2), concepts (2), time (2), exchange (2), switching (2), line (2), fiber (2), coaxial (2), pioneers (2), thomas (2), watson (2), sumner (2), brown (2), claude (2), alexander (2), guglielmo (2), marconi (2), lee (2), revolution (2), streaming (2), device (2), phone (2), compression (2), protection (2), broadcasting (2), prosigns (2), modulated (2), remote (2), dispatch (2), location (2), principles (2), quik (2), marine (2), coast (2), land (2), aviation (2), pmr446 (2), dipole (2), passive (2), corner (2), application (2), loop (2), helical (2), folded (2), conformal (2), random (2), radiator (2), isotropic (2), dapnet (2), amprnet (2), feld (2), traditional (2), mt63 (2), psk63 (2), wspr (2), jt6m (2), fsk441 (2), jt65 (2), m17 (2), 103 (2), fsk (2), practical (2), man (2), contest (2), electrics (2), 2200 (2), 630 (2), 160 (2), starshine (2), 122 (2), oscar (2), humanitarian (2), mars (2), races (2), wires (2), radios (2), sdr (2), engineering (2), technologies (2), dmr (2), ame (2), isb (2), dsb (2), korea (2), prefixes (2), vintage (2), qsl (2), hamfest (2), etymology (2), culture (2), logging (2), contesting (2), radiosport (2), piracy (2), activities (2), glossary (2), manual (2), wikiversity (2), learning (2), related (2), external (2), jerry (2), 3rd (2), york (2), 872309 (2), cambridge (2), press (2), eds (2), 2018 (2), 2nd (2), pass (2), guide (2), reading (2), silver (2), wiley (2), dummies (2), 900 (2), 5th (2), need (2), introduction (2), basic (2), wait (2), phil (2), 2005 (2), entry (2), orbiting (2), satellites (2), carrying (2), spec (2), reporting (2), tor (2), fusion (2), clover (2), year (2), slow (2), subpart (2), providing (2), cfr (2), industry (2), ofcom (2), faq (2), columbia (2), famous (2), obtaining (2), br68 (2), provisions (2), mentor (2), program (2), newkirk (2), edwards (2), find (2), oas (2), inter (2), rappaport (2), theodore (2), crucible (2), launched (2), brought (2), birth (2), breadth (2), hobby (2), 0163 (2), 6804 (2), mcom (2), 9928087 (2), 2022icomm (2), 60j (2), 2021 (2), 2024 (2), process (2), ba1aa (2), challenging (2), communities (2), 84628 (2), 120 (2), david (2), former (2), ariss (2), taylor (2), 1994 (2), room (2), order (2), operational (2), applications (2), disaster (2), ihtc (2), disasters (2), mcclure (2), oclc (2), fisted (2), saved (2), lives (2), ngos (2), his (2), symposium (2), quartz (2), piezoelectric (2), resonators (2), 1909 (2), blue (2), radiotelegraph (2), 1927 (2), citations (2), stages (2), 1991 (2), though (2), still (2), extra (2), modified (2), rules (2), became (2), allowing (2), written (2), summits (2), parks (2), meter (2), construct (2), footnotes (2), eme (2), following (2), scheme (2), rather (2), quadrature (2), qpsk (2), binary (2), bpsk (2), standard (2), radioteletype (2), establishment (2), beginning (2), tested (2), permit (2), authorities (2), partial (2), where (2), electromagnetic (2), currently (2), active (2), mentioned (2), commonly (2), called (2), variation (2), above (2), 420 (2), 440 (2), 700 (2), 150 (2), support (2), allow (2), located (2), nema (2), normal (2), channels (2), immediate (2), those (2), upon (2), emissions (2), interference (2), restricted (2), member (2), emission (2), point (2), connected (2), loss (2), germany (2), longer (2), vary (2), selected (2), 750 (2), possible (2), levels (2), lower (2), grants (2), permission (2), certified (2), spurious (2), holds (2), across (2), users (2), transmitting (2), powered (2), wide (2), specialty (2), out (2), callbook (2), various (2), lists (2), identification (2), end (2), number (2), indicate (2), prefix (2), indicates (2), geographic (2), sable (2), district (2), numbers (2), becomes (2), replaced (2), however (2), never (2), 2e1 (2), 2e0 (2), follow (2), along (2), originally (2), case (2), represented (2), structure (2), issuing (2), sometimes (2), established (2), oldest (2), map (2), current (2), period (2), capital (2), prospective (2), foreign (2), administered (2), examiners (2), volunteer (2), ten (2), transceiver (2), unique (2), include (2), candidates (2), top (2), supporting (2), governments (2), linked (2), repeaters (2), specialised (2), efficient (2), assisted (2), until (2), hobbyists (2), simple (2), among (2), contests (2), contribute (2), nets (2), training (2), recreation (2), pejorative (2), meaning (2), term (2), 19th (2), early (2), east (2), interest (2), here (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, legal, disclaimers, site, agree, trademark, profit, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, cs1, sources, dmy, dates, articles, https, index, php, amateur_radio, oldid, 1374830431, yale, lux, israel, gnd, outline, bodies, oceania, antarctica, locations, usenet, toasternet, tanet, npl, janet, internet2, fidonet, cyclades, bitnet, arpanet, wan, uucp, switched, ngn, lan, isdn, ethernet, cellular, store, forward, protocol, orbital, angular, momentum, polarization, multiplexing, terminal, nodes, topology, waves, molecular, optic, vladimir, zworykin, wheatstone, alfred, vail, camille, tissot, nikola, tesla, tainter, henry, sutton, almon, strowger, shannon, johann, philipp, reis, tivadar, puskás, stepanovich, popov, radia, perlman, grafton, jun, ichi, nishizawa, samuel, antonio, meucci, metcalfe, innocenzo, manzetti, roberto, landell, hedy, lamarr, narinder, singh, kapany, kao, dawon, kahng, bob, kahn, gardiner, greene, hubbard, harold, hopkins, erna, schneider, hoover, hooke, oliver, heaviside, elisha, gray, forest, reginald, fessenden, philo, farnsworth, edison, amos, dolbear, daniel, davis, donald, davies, yogen, dalal, chappe, vint, cerf, walter, houser, brattain, bourseul, jagadish, chandra, bose, francis, blake, tim, berners, emile, berliner, graham, bardeen, baran, logie, baird, mohamed, atalla, edwin, howard, armstrong, nasir, ahmed, whistled, videotelephony, undersea, teletype, teleprinter, telautograph, smoke, transistor, mosfet, semiconductor, phryctoria, semaphore, radiotelephone, prepaid, photophone, pager, smartphone, mass, hydraulic, heliographs, fax, edholm, drums, platform, dct, beacon, wabun, arabic, hebrew, russian, cyrillic, greek, alphabet, writing, abbreviations, mnemonics, cqd, sos, lamp, paraset, heliograph, methods, voting, diversity, combining, procedure, rayleigh, fading, budget, fade, margin, dynamic, cad, elements, selcal, selcall, push, mdc, 1200, dual, ctcss, signaling, selective, calling, 2182, shipboard, walkie, talkie, trunked, specialized, business, base, unicom, approach, multicom, mandatory, airport, advisory, airband, aircraft, aeronautical, rig, lpd433, kdr, 444, family, hobbyist, circularly, disposed, spiral, reference, rectenna, reconfigurable, evolved, alliss, wokfi, vivaldi, sterba, slot, backfire, sector, rhombic, regenerative, reflective, quad, plasma, parabolic, planar, phased, patch, offset, dish, moxon, microstrip, periodic, horn, gizmotchy, fractal, curtain, controlled, reception, pattern, collinear, choke, ring, cassegrain, cantenna, beverage, awx, 2259, adcock, directional, whip, umbrella, t2fd, turnstile, sloper, rubber, ducky, monopole, mast, pole, vee, halo, g5rv, plane, franklin, unipole, discone, dielectric, resonator, crossed, cage, aerial, biconical, batwing, omnidirectional, direct, sequence, dsss, hopping, fhss, pulse, cofdm, q15x25, contestia, 202, clover2000, sitor, shintaro, william, orr, judica, cordiglia, brothers, hidetsugu, sergio, sergei, guys, films, worldradio, weekly, news, radcom, qex, old, k9ya, funkamateur, five, nine, illustrated, submillimeter, tiungsat, sunsat, suitsat, srmsat, sedsat, posat, pcsat2, pics, pansat, ossi, kiwisat, kedr, jawsat, itf, invader, hamsat, fitsat, falconsat, eyesat, delfi, bugsat, asusat, anusat, 116, 115, 109, 107, 104, 101, iss, shuttle, bear, stratosphere, wicen, raynet, ares, plri, eqso, tropospheric, cluster, spark, gap, lm386, ibp, winlink, beacons, ka9q, dmt, russia, mexico, china, srrc, rac, governance, women, w1aw, captain, midnight, card, pedition, hamsphere, controversies, wrtc, so2r, dxing, roca, fox, oring, ardf, lotw, nts, radiogram, crsa, homebrew, portable, gota, jota, iota, sota, pota, wikibooks, resources, 87th, rohde, ulrich, whitaker, mcgraw, hill, 136121, receivers, dsp, poole, ian, potters, bar, haring, kristen, mit, 262, 08355, dennison, mike, fielding, 10th, bedford, 905086, buck, craig, easywayhambooks, 9851, 2564, easy, bergquist, carl, indianapolis, prompt, publications, 7906, 1238, sons, 7645, 5987, hennessee, 13th, rule, wolfgang, larry, 881, talking, betts, alan, shaji, hamradioindia, cleveland, iliffe, smith, geoffrey, 895400, qualification, bertrand, ron, 1st, 9758342, amsat, why, introducing, sourceforge, oliviadigitalmode, systemfusion, dmrassociation, dstarinfo, info, digimode, usage, evaluation, analysis, changed, forever, 1998, chapter, subchaper, prohibited, ecfr, definitions, rbr, section, ampr, australian, annex, insurance, plate, bedworth, lions, wireless2, universal, website, callsigns, filing, task, pamphlet, wilson, reed, dana, 84th, 976, cites, rod, 1971, regular, column, rick, lindquist, n1rl, 285, techconnect, elmer, invited, bouncing, draws, young, experienced, bovitz, travels, adventures, hon, laney, iii, bankruptcy, lin, chun, hung, 2002, currents, trade, regionalism, globalism, cooperation, nafta, cruz, silveira, zavala, citel, fosters, 131, 408437, 1995icomm, 33i, 128d, 128, 见证共和国业余无线电发展的人, 专访童晓勇, interview, tong, xiaoyong, witness, prc, 北京博趣出版有限责任公司, 1000, 6559, cq现代通信, bogdan, cristian, bowers, tuning, steinfield, pentland, brian, ackerman, contractor, noshir, springer, 461, 904, 1007, 905, 7_22, 2007cat, 439b, 439, 165, 18080, jtde, v3n4, 155, economy, grandfather, segal, 1931, 170, 153, review, kasser, iee, 127, 85296, 649, 1049, 19950801, past, present, future, minimum, qualifications, hendy, malden, polity, blackwell, publishers, 7456, 2068, jurrens, gerald, tellurian, joe, holmstead, stephen, taggart, ralph, 1993, deacon, chris, mitchell, cathryn, 906, 2073, 4433, 3390, atmos13060906, 2022atmos, 906d, atmosphere, consolidated, reports, indicators, intense, sporadic, layers, valdes, howstuffworks, voip, kh6bb, uss, missouri, battleship, photos, drop, testing, 3082, 3081, register, 178a1, ecc, european, postal, eos, blackout, scientific, instrument, lynn, ellen, working, paper, university, colorado, boulder, hazards, center, diane, publishing, 7881, 1097, utilization, kinsner, witold, montreal, 20132820, s2cid, 4799, 3996, 7147544, enhanced, crowdsourcing, haag, scc, area, warner, kenneth, 1920, subscription, hall, 1902, 231, talkers, slang, brady, jasper, ewing, 1899, doubleday, 3421513, tales, 1972, weaver, bruce, 0891, 4508, teaching, pre, jim, hfradio, bulletin, rahman, bazlur, ict4d, bnnrc, blacksburg, cimap, edu, virginia, role, nobelprize, inventor, chip, nobel, prize, winner, jack, kilby, credits, patrick, honolulu, 7803, 3309, freq, 559819, engineers, proceedings, influence, market, gernsback, publication, majesty, stationery, 1928, 172, washington, annexed, 4th, hoboken, 1245417767, 119, 69576, officially, ended, transition, occurred, preceding, decades, introduced, standardized, reduced, words, per, minute, wpm, leaving, decide, should, remain, released, announcing, total, elimination, exam, applicants, earn, passing, zones, continents, modeling, nec, isotron, centimeter, expectations, repair, authorization, does, hong, kong, ofta, choose, designed, provided, specified, thereto, complied, schedules, allstar, asl, classified, qpsk63, qpsk31, open, nxdn, jt9, ft4, js8call, discrete, proprietary, yaesu, teleprinting, transmitted, inserting, microphone, input, analog, increased, particularly, radiofax, independent, double, suppressed, carrier, equivalent, variety, disclosure, monitor, permitted, except, purpose, uplinks, encryption, group, footnote, adopted, created, 1979, administrative, subject, simplicity, found, listed, specifics, declined, regulate, sub, thf, 241, 134, 141, 123, ehf, 925, 475, shf, 240, 902, 928, 220, 225, 146, 890, 990, 068, 168, 350, 3515, 3665, 810, 472, 479, 135, 137, similarly, approved, trained, contingency, morale, message, auxiliary, outside, maintained, capability, drills, staff, essential, needs, connection, human, property, police, fire, alaska, statewide, 1675, restrictions, react, management, trinidad, tobago, governs, participation, nation, regulators, liberty, restrict, suffer, adopt, voluntary, ensure, plan, notice, purposes, dbw, experiments, entailing, measured, affect, measures, feed, means, overcome, conversely, measure, final, amplification, stage, results, radiated, feeds, depend, limited, highest, belgium, switzerland, italy, oman, luxembourg, peak, envelope, encouraged, tradition, respectful, little, accomplish, minimise, emc, allowable, moderate, sufficient, enable, lowest, limit, compatibility, governmental, regulatory, encourages, experiment, constructed, satisfy, symbol, included, logos, diamond, featuring, components, inductor, diagram, throughout, path, suitable, enough, microwave, unlike, certification, being, fixed, medium, meet, parameters, occupied, prevention, nor, renewal, less, rate, registration, browsed, searched, compiled, qrz, callbooks, smaller, geopolitical, entities, might, west, indies, subdivided, bermuda, vp9, falklands, vp8, pitcairn, vp6, turks, caicos, vp5, virgin, vp2v
Text of the page (random words):
red and the vanity call sign may be selected when the license is applied for the fcc in the u s discontinued its fee for vanity call sign applications in september 2015 but reinstated it at 35 in 2022 55 call sign structure as prescribed by the itu consists of three parts which break down as follows using the call sign zs1nat as an example zs the first part may be one or two letters or a single digit followed by a single letter it shows the country from which the call sign originates and may also indicate the license class this call sign is licensed in south africa 1 the second part is always a single digit that appears as the second or third character and always follows a letter it normally gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part this one refers to the western cape nat the third part is a set of one two or three letters that immediately follows the digit in the second part the digit in the second or third character it uniquely identifies the holder of the license in the examples below the third part is represented by xxx the combination of the three parts identifies the specific transmitting station and the station s identification its call sign is determined by the license held by its operator in the case of commercial stations and amateur club stations the operator is a corporation in the case of amateur radio operators the license holder is a resident of the country identified by the first part of the call sign many countries do not follow the itu convention for the second part digit in the united kingdom the original calls g0 xxx g2 xxx g3 xxx g4 xxx were full a license holders along with the last m0 xxx full call signs issued by the city guilds examination authority in december 2003 additional full licenses were originally granted to b licenses with g1 xxx g6 xxx g7 xxx g8 xxx and 1991 onward with m1 xxx call signs the newer three level intermediate license holders are assigned 2e0 xxx and 2e1 xxx and the basic foundation license holders are granted call signs m3 xxx m6 xxx or m7 xxx 56 instead of using numbers in the u k the second letter after the initial g or m identifies the station s location for example a call sign g7ooe becomes gm7ooe and m0rdm becomes mm0rdm when the license holder is operating their station in scotland prefix gm mm are scotland gw mw are wales gi mi are northern ireland gd md are the isle of man gj mj are jersey and gu mu are guernsey intermediate licence call signs are slightly different they begin 2 z 0 and 2 z 1 where the z is replaced with one of the country letters as above for example 2m0 and 2m1 are scotland 2w0 and 2w1 are wales and so on the exception however is for england whose letter would be e however letter e is used but only in intermediate level call signs and perplexingly never by the advanced licenses for example 2e0 2e1 are used whereas the call signs beginning g or m for foundation and full licenses never use the e 57 in the united states for non vanity licenses the numeral indicates the geographical district the holder resided in when the license was first issued prior to 1978 us hams were required to obtain a new call sign if they moved out of their geographic district in canada call signs start with va ve vy vo and cy call signs starting with v end with a number after to indicate the political region whereas the prefix cy indicates geographic islands prefixes va1 and ve1 are used for nova scotia va2 ve2 for quebec va3 ve3 for ontario va4 ve4 for manitoba va5 ve5 for saskatchewan va6 ve6 for alberta va7 ve7 for british columbia ve8 for the northwest territories ve9 for new brunswick vy0 for nunavut vy1 for the yukon vy2 for prince edward island vo1 for newfoundland and vo2 for labrador cy is for amateurs operating from sable island cy0 or st paul island cy9 special permission is required to visit either of these from parks canada for sable and coast guard for st paul the last two or three letters of the call signs are typically the operator s choice upon completing the licensing test the ham writes three most preferred options two letter call sign suffixes require a ham to have already been licensed for 5 years call signs in canada can be requested with a fee also for smaller geopolitical entities the digit at the second or third character might be part of the country identification for example vp2 xxx is in the british west indies which is subdivided into vp2e xx anguilla vp2m xx montserrat and vp2v xx british virgin islands vp5 xxx is in the turks and caicos islands vp6 xxx is on pitcairn island vp8 xxx is in the falklands and vp9 xxx is in bermuda online callbooks or call sign databases can be browsed or searched to find out who holds a specific call sign 58 an example of an online callbook is qrz com various partial lists of famous people who hold or held amateur radio call signs have been compiled and published 59 many jurisdictions but not in the u k nor europe may issue specialty vehicle registration plates to licensed amateur radio operators 60 61 the fees for application and renewal are usually less than the standard rate for specialty plates 60 62 privileges edit in most administrations unlike other rf spectrum users radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment 63 a 64 b licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels and can operate medium to high powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies 65 so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth power and prevention of spurious emission radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the rf spectrum usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local regional or worldwide path the shortwave bands or hf are suitable for worldwide communication and the vhf and uhf bands normally provide local or regional communication while the microwave bands have enough space or bandwidth for amateur television transmissions and high speed computer networks the international symbol for amateur radio is included in the logos of many iaru member societies the diamond holds a circuit diagram featuring components common to every radio an antenna inductor and ground in most countries an amateur radio license grants permission to the license holder to own modify and operate equipment that is not certified by a governmental regulatory agency this encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with home constructed or modified equipment the use of such equipment must still satisfy national and international standards on spurious emissions amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication 66 this is to minimise interference or electromagnetic compatibility emc to any other device although allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards they are sufficient to enable global communication lower license classes usually have lower power limits for example the lowest license class in the uk foundation licence has a limit of 25 w 67 power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country for example the peak envelope power limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are 2 25 kw in canada 68 1 5 kw in the united states 1 0 kw in belgium luxembourg switzerland south africa the united kingdom and new zealand 750 w in germany 500 w in italy 400 w in australia and india and 150 w in oman output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission in australia for example 400 w may be used for ssb transmissions but fm and other modes are limited to 120 w the point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions the united kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 w to overcome signal loss in the cable conversely the u s and germany measure power at the output of the final amplification stage which results in a loss in radiated power with longer cable feeds 69 certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a notice of variation that allows higher power to be used than normally allowed for certain specific purposes e g in the uk some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using 33 dbw 2 0 kw for experiments entailing using the moon as a passive radio reflector known as earth moon earth communication eme band plans and frequency allocations edit main article amateur radio frequency allocations the international telecommunication union itu governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide with participation of each nation s communications regulation authority national communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these band plan frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference in some countries specific emission types are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum and in most other countries international amateur radio union iaru member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum in a few cases a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands in trinidad and tobago hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148 800 mhz this repeater is used and maintained by the national emergency management agency nema but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills this repeater can also be used by non ham nema staff and react members in australia and new zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the uhf tv channels in the u s amateur radio operators providing essential communication needs in connection with the immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of property when normal communication systems are not available may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire and in cases of disaster in alaska may use the statewide emergency frequency of 5 1675 mhz with restrictions upon emissions 70 similarly amateurs in the united states may apply to be registered with the military auxiliary radio system mars once approved and trained these amateurs also operate on us government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services v t e international amateur radio frequency allocations t1 range band itu region 1 itu region 2 itu region 3 lf 2200 m 135 7 137 8 khz mf 630 m 472 479 khz 160 m 1 810 1 850 mhz 1 800 2 000 mhz hf 80 75 m 3 500 3 800 mhz 3 500 4 000 mhz 3 500 3 900 mhz 60 m 5 3515 5 3665 mhz 40 m 7 000 7 200 mhz 7 000 7 300 mhz 7 000 7 200 mhz 30 m t2 10 100 10 150 mhz 20 m 14 000 14 350 mhz 17 m t2 18 068 18 168 mhz 15 m 21 000 21 450 mhz 12 m t2 24 890 24 990 mhz 10 m 28 000 29 700 mhz vhf 8 m t3 40 000 40 700 mhz n a 6 m 50 000 52 000 mhz 50 000 54 000 mhz t4 50 000 54 000 mhz 5 m t3 58 000 60 100 mhz n a 4 m t3 70 000 70 500 mhz n a 2 m 144 000 146 000 mhz 144 000 148 000 mhz 1 25 m n a 220 000 225 000 mhz n a uhf 70 cm 430 000 440 000 mhz 430 000 440 000 mhz 420 000 450 000 mhz t4 33 cm n a 902 000 928 000 mhz n a 23 cm 1 240 1 300 ghz 13 cm 2 300 2 450 ghz shf 9 cm 3 400 3 475 ghz t4 3 300 3 500 ghz 5 cm 5 650 5 850 ghz 5 650 5 925 ghz 5 650 5 850 ghz 3 cm 10 000 10 500 ghz 1 2 cm 24 000 24 250 ghz ehf 6 mm 47 000 47 200 ghz 4 mm t4 75 500 ghz t3 81 500 ghz 76 000 81 500 ghz 2 5 mm 122 250 123 000 ghz 2 mm 134 000 141 000 ghz 1 mm 241 000 250 000 ghz thf sub mm some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 ghz t1 all allocations are subject to variation by country for simplicity only common allocations found internationally are listed see a band s article for specifics t2 hf allocation created at the 1979 world administrative radio conference these are commonly called the warc bands t3 this is not mentioned in the itu s table of frequency allocations but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under article 4 4 t4 this includes a currently active footnote allocation mentioned in the itu s table of frequency allocations these allocations may only apply to a group of countries see also radio spectrum electromagnetic spectrum modes of communication edit see also list of amateur radio modes amateurs use a variety of voice text image and data communication modes over radio generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions encryption for example is not generally permitted in the amateur radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks 71 the following is a partial list of the modes of communication used where the mode includes both modulation types and operating protocols voice edit amplitude modulation am amplitude modulation equivalent ame double sideband suppressed carrier dsb sc frequency modulation fm independent sideband isb single sideband ssb phase modulation pm image edit amateur television atv also known as fast scan television 72 radiofax slow scan television sstv 73 text and data edit in former times most amateur digital modes were transmitted by inserting audio into the microphone input of a radio and using an analog scheme such as amplitude modulation am frequency modulation fm or single sideband modulation ssb beginning in 2017 increased use of several digital modes particularly ft8 became popular within the amateur radio community 74 text modes continuous wave cw usually used for morse code automatic link establishment ale amateur teleprinting over radio amtor 75 pactor 76 77 radioteletype rtty hellschreiber a k a feld hell or hell digital modes clover 78 d star 79 digital mobile radio dmr 80 fusion yaesu proprietary mode 81 g tor 82 discrete multi tone modulation modes such as multi tone 63 mt63 83 multiple frequency shift keying mfsk 84 modes js8call olivia mfsk 85 86 wsjt 87 software modes fsk441 jt6m jt65 jt9 ft8 ft4 wspr nxdn open public safety standard used in amateur radio packet radio 88 ax 25 automatic packet reporting system aprs 89 phase shift keying 31 baud bpsk binary phase shift keying psk31 90 31 baud qpsk quadrature phase shift keying qpsk31 63 baud bpsk binary phase shift keying psk63 63 baud qpsk quadrature phase shift keying qpsk63 modes by activity edit the following modes use no one specific modulation scheme but rather are classified ...
|
