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this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the soviet union on the united states requiring a full retaliatory response upon the soviet union 102 kennedy described the administration s plan to halt this offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to cuba is being initiated all ships of any kind bound for cuba from whatever nation or port will if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons be turned back this quarantine will be extended if needed to other types of cargo and carriers we are not at this time however denying the necessities of life as the soviets attempted to do in their berlin blockade of 1948 102 during the speech a directive went out to all us forces worldwide placing them on defcon 3 the heavy cruiser uss newport news was the designated flagship for the blockade 95 with uss leary as newport news s destroyer escort 96 kennedy s speech writer ted sorensen stated in 2007 that the address to the nation was kennedy s most important speech historically in terms of its impact on our planet 103 crisis deepens on 23 october 1962 us air force rf 101a c voodoos and us navy rf 8a crusaders began flying extremely hazardous low level photo reconnaissance missions over cuba 104 105 106 107 108 only once did the cuban air force scramble a mig 19 to attempt a shoot down but the attempt was unsuccessful 109 soviet first secretary khrushchev s letter to kennedy dated 24 october 1962 stating that the blockade of cuba constitute s an act of aggression 110 111 at 11 24 am edt on 24 october a cable from us under secretary of state george ball to the us ambassadors in turkey and nato notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw missiles from italy and turkey in exchange for soviet withdrawal from cuba turkish officials replied that they would deeply resent any trade involving the us missile presence in their country 112 one day later on the morning of 25 october american journalist walter lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column castro reaffirmed cuba s right to self defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and cuba would not allow an inspection 15 international response in the united kingdom prime minister harold macmillan supported kennedy s response the british ambassador to the united states david ormsby gore was a close family friend of the kennedys and actively involved in white house discussions on how to resolve the crisis 113 in west germany newspapers supported the us response by contrasting it with the weak american actions in the region during the preceding months they also expressed some fear that the soviets might retaliate in berlin the west german government was supportive of the blockade 114 in france on 23 october the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers the next day an editorial in le monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the cia s photographic evidence two days later after a visit by a high ranking cia agent the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs french president charles de gaulle gave kennedy his full support but he viewed the crisis as a demonstration of europe s vulnerability to superpower conflict 115 on 24 october pope john xxiii sent a message to the soviet embassy in rome to be transmitted to the kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace in this message he stated we beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity that they do all that is in their power to save peace 116 three days after kennedy s speech the chinese people s daily announced that 650 000 000 chinese men and women were standing by the cuban people 117 the crisis coincided with the sino indian war with china launching a surprise attack on india at the himalayan border the organization of american states oas backed the united states naval quarantine condemned the soviet missile buildup in cuba and voted to take measures to prevent more offensive weapons from reaching cuba 118 in the 29 october issue of le figaro raymond aron wrote in support of the american response 119 soviet broadcast and communications the crisis continued unabated and on the evening of 24 october 1962 the soviet tass news agency broadcast a telegram from khrushchev to kennedy in which khrushchev warned that the united states outright piracy would lead to war 120 khrushchev then sent at 9 24 pm a telegram to kennedy which was received at 10 52 pm edt khrushchev stated if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion you will understand that the soviet union cannot afford not to decline the despotic demands of the usa the soviet union viewed the blockade as an act of aggression and their ships would be instructed to ignore it 111 after 23 october soviet communications with the us increasingly showed indications of having been rushed undoubtedly a result of pressure it was not uncommon for khrushchev to repeat himself and to send messages lacking basic editing 121 with president kennedy making known his aggressive intentions of a possible airstrike followed by an invasion on cuba khrushchev sought a diplomatic compromise communications between the two superpowers had entered a new and revolutionary period with the threat of mutual destruction now accompanying the deployment of nuclear weapons 122 us alert level raised adlai stevenson shows aerial photos of cuban missiles to the united nations 25 october 1962 the us requested an emergency meeting of the united nations security council on 25 october and ambassador to the united nations adlai stevenson confronted soviet ambassador valerian zorin and challenged him to admit the existence of the missiles ambassador zorin refused to answer at 10 00 pm edt the next day the us raised the readiness level of strategic air command sac forces to defcon 2 for the only confirmed time in us history b 52 bombers were put on continuous airborne alert b 47 medium bombers were dispersed to military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off fully equipped at 15 minutes notice 123 one eighth of sac s 1 436 bombers were on airborne alert some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles some of which targeted cuba were placed on alert 124 air defense command adc redeployed 161 nuclear armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours with one third on 15 minute alert status 91 twenty three nuclear armed b 52 bombers were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the soviet union to demonstrate that the us was serious 125 jack j catton later estimated that about 80 per cent of sac s planes were ready for launch during the crisis david a burchinal recalled that by contrast 126 the russians were so thoroughly stood down and we knew it they didn t make any move they did not increase their alert they did not increase any flights or their air defense posture they didn t do a thing they froze in place we were never further from nuclear war than at the time of cuba never further by 22 october tactical air command tac had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face cuba on one hour alert status tac and the military air transport service had problems the concentration of aircraft in florida strained command and support echelons which were facing critical undermanning in security armaments and communications absence of permission to use war reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced tac to scrounge supplies and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call up of 24 reserve squadrons 91 on 25 october at 1 45 am edt kennedy responded to khrushchev s telegram by stating that the us was forced into action after receiving repeated false assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in cuba deployment of the missiles required the responses i have announced i hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation a declassified map used by the us navy s atlantic fleet showing the position of american and soviet ships at the height of the crisis blockade challenged at 7 15 am edt on 25 october uss essex and uss gearing attempted to intercept bucharest but failed to do so fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material the us allowed it through the blockade later that day at 5 43 pm the commander of the blockade ordered the destroyer uss joseph p kennedy jr to intercept and board the lebanese freighter marucla that took place the next day and marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked 127 at 5 00 pm edt on 25 october william clements announced that the missiles in cuba were still being worked on this was later verified by a cia report that suggested there had been no slowdown in response kennedy issued security action memorandum 199 authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of saceur which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the soviet union kennedy claimed that the blockade had succeeded when the ussr turned back fourteen ships presumed to be carrying offensive weapons 128 the first indication of this was in a report from british gchq sent to the white house situation room which contained intercepted communications from soviet ships reporting their positions on 24 october kislovodsk a soviet cargo ship reported a position north east of where it had been 24 hours earlier indicating it had discontinued its voyage and turned back towards the baltic the next day further reports showed that more ships originally bound for cuba had altered their course 129 raising the stakes the next morning 26 october kennedy informed excomm that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from cuba he was persuaded to wait and continue with military and diplomatic pressure he agreed and ordered low level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to every two hours he also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in cuba if an invasion went ahead citation needed at this point the crisis appeared to be at a stalemate the soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made public media and private inter government statements to that effect the us had no reason to disbelieve them and was in the early stages of preparing an invasion of cuba and a nuclear strike on the soviet union if it responded militarily which the us assumed it would 130 kennedy had no intention of keeping these plans secret and with an array of cuban and soviet spies present khrushchev was made aware of them the implicit threat of air strikes on cuba followed by an invasion allowed the united states to exert pressure in future talks and the prospect of military action helped to accelerate khrushchev s proposal for a compromise 121 throughout the closing stages of october 1962 soviet communications to the united states became increasingly defensive and khrushchev s tendency to use poorly phrased and ambiguous language during negotiations increased the united states confidence and clarity in messaging leading soviet figures failed to mention that only the cuban government could agree to inspections of the territory and continued to make arrangements relating to cuba without castro s knowledge according to dean rusk khrushchev blinked he began to panic from the consequences of his own plan and this was reflected in the tone of soviet messages this allowed the us to dominate negotiations in late october 121 the escalating situation also caused khrushchev to abandon plans for a possible warsaw pact invasion of albania which was being discussed in the eastern bloc following the vlora incident the previous year 131 secret negotiations at 1 00 pm edt on 26 october john a scali of abc news met aleksandr fomin the cover name of alexander feklisov the kgb station chief in washington at fomin s request following the instructions of the politburo of the cpsu 132 fomin noted war seems about to break out he asked scali to use his contacts to talk to his high level friends at the state department to see if the us would be interested in a diplomatic solution he suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the soviet union to remove the weapons under un supervision and that castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the us that it would not invade cuba 133 the us responded by asking the brazilian government to pass a message to castro that the us would be unlikely to invade if the missiles were removed 112 mr president we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war because the more the two of us pull the tighter that knot will be tied and a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it and then it will be necessary to cut that knot and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose consequently if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope let us take measures to untie that knot we are ready for this letter from chairman khrushchev to president kennedy 26 october 1962 134 at 6 00 pm edt on 26 october the state department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by khrushchev it was saturday 2 00 am in moscow the long letter took several minutes to arrive and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it 112 robert f kennedy described the letter as very long and emotional khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to scali earlier in the day i propose we for our part will declare that our ships bound for cuba are not carrying any armaments you will declare that the united states will not invade cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade cuba then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in cuba will disappear at 6 45 pm edt news of fomin s offer to scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a set up for the arrival of khrushchev s letter the letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that fomin was almost certainly operating without official backing additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night 112 crisis continues direct aggression against cuba would mean nuclear war the americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact i have no doubt they would lose such a war che guevara october 1962 135 s 75 dvina with v 750v 1d missile nato designation sa 2 guideline on a lau...
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