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n services in rural areas water boards juntas are responsible for water supply 28 due to different policies and programs at the local level service is provided directly by municipalities or by cooperatives public or private utilities which differ substantially concerning size autonomy performance and financial efficiency although most providers lack political independence and financial efficiency there are some notable exceptions that are efficiently operated 28 private sector participation edit in three mexican cities water and sanitation services are provided by private companies as of early 2011 cancun saltillo and aguascalientes the concession in cancun the largest of the three cities is the oldest concession awarded in 1993 as of 2011 it is held by grupo mexicano de desarrollo gmd which is part owned by suez environnement from france 34 the privately held shares in the mixed public private company in saltillo set up in 2001 are held by aguas de barcelona a spanish subsidiary of suez environnement 35 services in aguascalientes are provided by proactivo medio ambiente a joint venture between veolia environnement from france and the spanish construction firm fcc for the latin american market 36 as of 2011 the government planned to award further water concessions beginning with san luis potosí tijuana and tuxtla gutiérrez a concession law that would improve the legal framework was under review by the mexican parliament as of march 2011 37 the state of puebla awarded a 30 year water and sanitation concession to the mexican company aguas de mexico in 2013 29 38 and in 2015 the state of veracruz created a mixed company following the model established in saltillo 39 efficiency edit the efficiency and quality of water and sanitation services vary widely to a large extent reflecting different levels of development across the country on average the level of non revenue water in mexico in 2011 was 38 according to imta and 47 according to conagua 3 almost twice as high as for well run utilities in 2011 as well the average staff per 1 000 connections in a sample of 120 utilities was 5 3 according to imta and 4 9 according to a different sample analyzed by conagua 3 financial aspects edit tariffs edit pantanos de centla centla swamps view of the centla tabasco the mexican average tariff per m3 us 0 32 is about half of the average in latin america and the caribbean us 0 65 2 however since tariffs are fixed at the municipal level depending on different legal frameworks they differ substantially consequently domestic users in tijuana monthly pay us 1 1 for 30m3 whereas customers in villahermosa only pay us 0 05 for the same amount 40 41 on average only 72 of all bills are being paid 31 of water customers are not metered and are charged a flat rate independent of consumption usually commercial and industrial users are charged tariffs close to full cost recovery whereas residential users are cross subsidized sanitation is normally charged as a small percentage share of the water bill 42 cost recovery edit since tariff levels and structures vary widely in mexico some providers fully recover all costs while others do not even cover operating costs 2 there are no reliable figures concerning water supply and sanitation revenues in mexico however it seems that the sector as a whole generates a little modest cash surplus which seems to reflect shortfalls in essential spending on maintenance and modernization rather than financial efficiency 2 according to conagua total tariff collections were us 2 billion mxp21 2 billion 41 in 2006 40 according to a 2011 estimate by imta based on a sample of 96 utilities only 73 of the total amount of water bills was actually collected on average 3 investment edit mexican investment per capita in water supply and sanitation from 1991 to 2006 in constant us dollars of 2006 43 according to conagua us 2 2 billion mxp 28 6 billion were invested in the sector in 2011 44 which is us 19 per capita compared to the investment from 1996 to 2002 which was between us 3 7 and us 5 5 per capita this is a significant increase 45 according to the water operators association aneas mexico needs us 6 6 billion investments per year to make up for historic underinvestment 29 financing edit investments are financed by federal 61 in 2011 up from 33 in 2005 state 23 both in 2011 and 2005 and local subsidies 11 in 2011 down from 14 in 2005 and other sources 5 in 2011 down from 31 in 2005 the latter including self financing credits and private funding 44 two thirds of the investment is channeled through several conagua programs 5 due to overlapping planning and budget cycles at the national regional and local level as well as poor coordinated investment plans project planning is very difficult 46 external support edit most water and sanitation investments in mexico are financed domestically among the major external lenders for water supply and sanitation are the world bank and the inter american development bank which channel their loans to utilities through the national water commission the japan international cooperation agency jica support a potable water quality control project in mexico city since 2005 47 world bank edit the world bank supported a us 300 million project in the state of guanajuato from 2004 to 2009 of which 40 were allocated for water supply and sanitation 48 it also supported a us 55 2 million technical assistance project for the modernization of the water and sanitation sector approved in 2005 49 inter american development bank edit the inter american development bank has financed a series of rural water supply and sanitation projects in mexico with a focus on decentralization community development and participation it began with a first us 560 million project approved in 1998 community development and participation in 20 states 50 followed by a second us 292 5 million project approved in 2005 51 a third phase with a cost of us 200 million was under preparation in early 2010 52 prome edit prome stands for programa de mejoramiento de eficiencia de organismos operadores in english translates to the mexico water utilities efficiency improvement project prome was established in 2010 and was dedicated to improve current utilities across the country to be more energy efficient the mexican government specifically instilled this project in order to reduce sector subsidies one of the main focus areas that prome targets are water utilities before prome was even an idea in 2005 98 of urban population in mexico did have access to improved water resources however the resources from all 98 were very inefficient due to the lack of financial stability from their providers and high rates of efficiency prome sought to tackle both these issue head on in order to provide the most quality water services in mexico this project also worked hand in hand with mexico s national water commission conagua together some of the results seen from conagua and prome included working with 91 water utility companies in 25 mexican states 12 water utility companies recorded an increase in commercial usage by around 5 and sepal a utility company out of jalisco had a reduction their water usage while their company was still growing thus leaving more usage for those in need 53 organizations and programs edit lerma chapala river basin council edit laguna catemaco the lerma chapala river basin council was first introduced in 1993 and was improvement council from the previous river basin council the lerma chapala council was established by the mexican federal government as well as five state governments the goal of both councils were to created programs that allocate water usage among regions in mexico city querétaro guanajuato jalisco and michoacan these five states chose to establish this council because a river basin that flows from river lerma to lake chapala and runs through all five of these states there are approximately 11 300 00 total combined resident all five states that share this river that also happens to be very shallow averaging 7 2 meters deep there are four major water concerns that the council wishes to address water scarcity pollution alteration to lake chapala and alterations to the overall basin ecosystem in order to address such issues the council focused their own efforts on having equal distribution of water by having policies set in place treatment of river water quality increasing usage efficiency and figuring out how to conserve the basin 54 sierra madre water program edit the sierra madre water program was designed to help low income villages and communities in both mexico and guatemala and is partnership between water charity the national peace corps association and the sexto col center for community action 55 overall the program is aimed at improving three things access to safe water sanitation and health services to approximately 300 villages they also hope to provide safe with the intentions of if being using for hygiene and agriculture in various households some of the projects here are working to implement safe water are improving and adding water technologies such building holding tanks connected to villages through a water line implementing more common things such as pumps wells rainwater catchment systems water purification solutions irrigation systems aqueducts etc depending on the village this program will also be running sub projects that focus on health hygiene and sanitation rather than access projects such as clinics bathrooms and hand washing stations are a priority among health and hygiene as of 2014 this program has already completed various village wide projects in 8 mexican villages and still continues to do today 56 fundación cántaro azul edit fundación cántaro azul is a non profit organization operating of chiapas mexico that takes a multi disciplinary approach to providing people throughout mexico with access to clean water sanitation and hygienic practices fundación cántaro azul fca undergoes a wide range of activities in order to achieve its goal the organization primarily creates and provides communities with water sanitation and hygienic technologies like home water sanitation that ensure households and communities with good water quality and other public health benefits accompanying these activities fca conducts research to assess quality at project locations also they champion education programs that promote good hygiene practices they work closely with communities as well as local health services governments and organizations to ensure that each project is tailored to fit that community s needs 57 see also edit water resources management in mexico water management in greater mexico city irrigation in mexico pollution in mexico references edit 1 2 3 data on water coverage from the unicef who joint monitoring program jmp archived 14 may 2011 at the wayback machine 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 world bank mexico infrastructure public expenditure review iper 2005 p 27 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 in spanish estadísticas por promedios nacionales programa de indicadores de gestión de organismos operadores pigoo retrieved on august 19 2013 1 2 in spanish comisión nacional de agua conagua estadísticas del agua en méxico 2007 p 99 1 2 3 in spanish comisión nacional de agua conagua estadísticas del agua en méxico 2007 p 120 programa de indicadores de gestión de organismos operadores pigoo del instituto mexicano de tecnología del agua imta indicadores de gestion prioritarios en organismos operadores servicios de agua y drenaje de monterrey i p d diagnósticos del agua consejo consultivo del agua valadez blanca 29 january 2014 sin acceso a agua potable 22 millones de mexicanos without access to drinking water 22 million mexicans milenio in spanish mexico city retrieved 4 june 2020 en méxico se desperdicia el 43 2 de agua 43 2 of water is wasted in mexico agua org mx in spanish mexico city fondo para la comunicación y la educación ambiental el informador 4 october 2010 retrieved 4 june 2020 en méxico solo el 57 de las aguas residuales son tratadas correctamente in mexico only 57 of wastewater is treated correctly iagua in spanish 13 august 2018 enciso l angelica 3 october 2019 bajó 60 disponiblidad de agua per cápita en 60 años per capita water availability dropped 60 in 60 years la jornada in spanish grieve j brad 1 december 2008 water pressure systems versus the rooftop tinaco tank in the mexican home mexconnect retrieved 23 february 2008 1 2 3 in spanish comisión nacional de agua conagua estadísticas del agua en méxico 2007 p 60 world bank 2006b p 1 world bank 2006a the lerma chapala river basin p 4 mexico city a city that is flooding but is still running out of water water center watercenter sas upenn edu retrieved 28 november 2020 krebs michael 27 september 2009 water shortage in mexico city could echo the global water issue digital journal loehnberg alfred aspects of the sinking of mexico city and proposed countermeasure wiley pp 432 440 1 2 3 agua comisión nacional del publicaciones estadísticas y geográficas gob mx in spanish retrieved 17 april 2019 1 2 nash june november 2007 consuming interests water rum and coca cola from ritual propitiation to corporate expropriation in highland chiapas cultural anthropology 22 4 621 639 doi 10 1525 can 2007 22 4 621 issn 0886 7356 miller shawn william an environmental history of latin america new york cambridge university press 2007 pp 139 145 kelly james 1 january 1994 article 27 and mexican land reform the legacy of zapata s dream columbia human rights law review 1 2 in spanish pablos nicolas pineda la politica urbana de agua potable en mexico del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización la autosuficiencia y la privatización may 2002 1 2 3 world bank mexico infrastructure public expenditure review 2005 p 71 in spanish pablos nicolas pineda la politica urbana de agua potable en mexico del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización la autosuficiencia y la privatización revista región y sociedad may 2002 p 49 53 in spanish pablos nicolas pineda la politica urbana de agua potable en mexico del centralismo y los subsidios a la municipalización la autosuficiencia y la privatización revista región y sociedad may 2002 p 53 60 1 2 3 4 5 world bank mexico infrastructure public expenditure review 2005 p 10 14 1 2 3 solving the crisis in mexico s water sector global water intelligence april 2015 p 20 hernandez abdon 1 march 2003 water law in the republic of mexico united states mexico law journal 11 1 15 1 2 mexico s constitution of 1917 with amendments through 2015 constituteproject org 29 35 29 january 2019 in spanish comisión nacional de agua conagua estadísticas del agua en méxico 2007 p 161 robert j mccarthy executive authority adaptive treaty interpretation and the international boundary and water commission u s mexico 14 2 u denv water l rev 197 spring 2011 also available for free download at https ssrn com abstract 1839903 aguakan tu operadora de agua retrieved on ...
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