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r who supplies new conventions the dark side is the sociopath who disregards conventions eternal child potential for growth the light side is the divine child who symbolizes novelty new possibilities growth the dark side is the child man who refuses to tackle life s challenges by seeking short cuts senex chrone guardian of culture the light side is the wizard chrone who mentors the young and imparts life lessons the dark side is the devouring father fool filled with bitterness and stagnation self unity of ego conscious and the unconscious the pull towards individuation or the integration of personalities into one totality or the self via the transcendent function the transcendent function is the mechanism responsible for a hegelian synthesis between the ego and contents of the unconscious the emergent third is a new perspective which the ego is able to absorb the ego complex where the seat of consciousness rests is the self s first point of reference and where the archetypal drives are regularized one can liken the ego to the executive function of the psyche capable of directing all cognitive processes prior to his works on archetypes jung devised a system of psychological types typology that characterize a hierarchy of cognitive processes or functions in the individual a cognitive function is a directed process by the ego will which are categorized by several dichotomies attitudes rational judging irrational perceiving rational attitudes are objective reasons and values established over the course of human history in the normative sense of intelligibility irrational attitudes are the existential facts that are phenomenologically fulfilled and thus grounded in experience rather than reflection orientations extraversion introversion the movement of libido or psycic energy can either move towards objects in the outer world extraversion or be withdrawn and redirected towards other objects within the subject introversion extraversion is extensive in the sense that libido is directed towards multitudes of objects in the outer world conversely introversion is intensive in the sense that processes are withdrawing libido from only a few objects thinking a rational function by which relations between objects that exclude the subject are established according to reason thinking represses feeling as it mustn t exclude possible relations that do not accord with their agreeableness or value to the subject feeling a rational function by which relations of worth between subject and object are established according to values feeling represses thinking as relations between objects may be given undue attention according to values of worth rather than through reason sensation an irrational function by which a thing is made conscious via sense organs i e realization facts physical stimuli the part sensing represses intuition as attention directed towards the realizations attachment to things that exist or have existed would categorically exclude things that have not come to pass intuition an irrational function by which a thing is made conscious via its spatio temporal negation i e possibilities forecasting gestalt intuition represses sensing as attention must keep moving as to apprehend the much larger space of negation it must not be remain fixated on the realizations the differentiation of any one function entails the exclusion of elements from other functions attitude differentiation as well as a decided direction in the flow of libido orientation differentiation eight differentiated functions are possible in this schema ti fi si ni te fe se ne where t f s n and i e are short hand for thinking feeling sensation intuition and introversion extraversion respectively however the proficiency gained from differentiating any one function is at the expense active repression of its cognitive opposite which must be compensated in the unconscious by becoming an emotionally charged complex differentiating all 8 functions to a high degree is systemically improbable as it require both a world context that did not favor the rewards of one sidedness as well as an ego willing to detach from its archetypal pre dispositions what emerges from this dynamical system in the normative sense is a typology system consisting of a single dominant most differentiated cognitive function a repressed but emotionally charged inferior function that is halfway in the unconscious cognitive opposite of dominant function i e ti fe fi te si ne ni se and two auxiliary functions functions of different attitude than the dom inf pair opposite orientation less differentiated the remaining four functions are thought to reside in the individual s shadow although later followers beebe of jung have sought to attribute complexes to the expression of cognitive functions along the positional stack in the spirit of jung s complexes the first four functions of consciousness are thought to be expressions of the hero good parent child and anima animus archetypes they are mirrored by functions of their opposite orientation in the unconscious which are expressions of the shadow senex crone trickster and daemon archetypes thus individuation from the perspective of normative typology and the complex model can be viewed as the assimilation of the parts of the unconscious by the differentiation of cognitive functions over different stages in life and through interior work such as active imagination and dream analysis to give expression to the lesser archetypes as an addendum jung s later works further extended the role of the collective unconscious into a metaphysical conception of a single world order unus mundus monopsychism where mental and physical phenomenon are united final causes are inherent rather than unknowable via the mediation of archetypes in studies of a primitive s world view the less differentiated ego does not make a clear separation between itself and the object other complexes are able to more freely project their contents of the conscious onto objects from which the weak ego enters into a so called participation mystique often the contents are collective in the sense of having been derived from the culture of the tribe there is less of an individual than the expression of the a culture world view through its members the tight coupling between mental phenomenon and outer events would always appear to be meaningfully related but not necessarily causal synchronicity if archetypes have been hypothesized to have a dual nature in both mental and physical realities then all phenomena would be synchronistic and inter related however it is an unfortunate consequence that ego differentiation conditions the mind to anticipate a world view that conceals both the expression and apprehension of such archetypes perhaps it is our goal in modern times to find new ways of engaging in such a poetic relationship with the world jung freud march 1 2015 nonnaci cathexis defense mechanisms dream analysis drive theory ego eros free association freud id impulse infantile sexuality latent content libido manifest content object relations oedipus complex psycho sexual stages psychoanalysis psychology society super ego thanatos tripartite unconscious leave a comment freud the father of psychoanalysis is known for pioneering a wide range of theories for furthering our understanding of the human mind during his career he established the groundwork for the structure of the mind the unconscious dreams child development and defense mechanisms his major works could be viewed as a synthesis of several ideas across different fields the psychic economy as a helmholtz energy system drive theory rooted in schopenhauer nietzsche s blind impulse will to power pleasure principle sex motivated by darwinian evolution but his primary contributions was their systematization in a clinical setting for treating patients regardless freud s contributions to psychology had broad impact on ideas of sociology critical theory alienation the other power structures libidinal economy philosophy subjecthood marxism biology neural science and economics public relations marketing let us investigate each of his theories freud viewed the mind as a mechanized tripartite system that operated according to energy conservation laws conscious behavior are actually determined or could be explained by latent mental within the unconscious this deterministic account of action renders free will illusory as one s choices are derived from hidden mental processes conscious and unconscious states are phenomena produced by a tripartite arrangement of the mind known by the id ego superego the id consists of the primitive and instinctual innate components of humanity that can be categorized into eros sex reproductive drive thanatos aggressive destructive drive instincts it is autonomous and operates under the so called pleasure principle which that demands that impulses be satisfies both instantly and unconditionally the ego is the conscious mediator between the impulses of the id and the practical means of achieving the id s demands it conditions the id s instincts according to the reality principle by delaying gratification and compromising the demands according to socially responsible and normative methods in the external world the super ego consists ideals from society that are internalized as to pressure the ego into both acting and assigning worth value according to parental influences during upbringing and by implication society it punishes the ego with feelings of guilt for not living up to its standards one s sense of agency which derives from the conscious deliberation of action is thus produced in the ego driven to satisfy the id and regularized by the superego such dynamics are governed by the flow of so called libido or energy in the psyche which are conserved between the id ego superego impulses have different magnitudes of excitation which are transformed into different degrees of emotional investment into mental objects cathexis by the ego but when blocked or withdrawn anti cathexis from the object by superego ideals will cause the ego to find alternative ways to release the energy or else experience neurotic symptoms development of the tripartite structure occurs in phases during the early years of a child s life in so called psychosexual stages where the libidinal flow is fixated in the first year of life the infant is in the oral stage where the first source of gratification as well as frustration is experienced in terms of sucking breast feeding from the mother frustration follows from the separation of the breast where libido is blocked and reconstitutes itself in the basic ego as a separate structure from the id nature between years 1 3 the libido is fixated on the anus during potty training where the pleasures of defecating must be delayed according the authority of the parents the greater external demands and authority of the parents further clashes with ego produced from the rising tension with the id the phallic stage between ages 3 6 fixates the libido on the genitals and the child s anatomical differences between mother and father erotic attraction with the opposite sex parent give rise to the so called oedipus electra complexes boys seek to possess the mother but fears the father out of castration anxiety the complex is resolved via identification with the father via his values attitudes behaviors which are adjusted according to male gender roles of the culture girls learn to repress their desire for father and their hatred of mother by identifying with female gender roles and the wish for a baby for both genders internalizing these values give rise to superego from ages 6 puberty the child enters into the latency stage where the libido is no longer fixated and can flow into play developing new skills and learning from puberty to adulthood is the genital stage where libido is reconstituted in the pursuit of sexual intercourse with others the conflicting demands of both the id and super ego on the ego produce tensions that cannot always be harmonized failure to harmonize would result in neurosis or experiencing different forms of mental anxiety thus the ego unconsciously employs a variety of defense mechanisms that reroutes transforms the energetic potential of the different demands such mechanisms are developed during the psycho sexual fixation periods to different degrees and exhibit recurring patterns in adulthood defenses can thus be classified on a continuum from primary to mature withdrawal avoiding situation by re investing energy into fantasy denial refusing to accept or acknowledge an unpleasant reality disassociation disconnect from present experience by escaping into another representation splitting separate inter objects into either all good all bad without ambivalence projection misinterpret impulse from within as coming from the outside in distorted form regression goes back to infantile behaviors for coping with stress reaction formation adopting the opposite position of the impulse undoing taking back an unconscious behavior after the fact by doing the opposite repression blocking unacceptable impulse before it reaches consciousness displacement redirecting impulse onto another object intellectualization use thinking to create a distance from unpleasant emotions sublimation redirect impulse into socially acceptable objects for productive use the therapeutic applications of freud s theories culminated in the practice of psychoanalysis to which many practical methods such as free association and dream analysis are developed a common thread amongst these methods is to recover energetic content that have been reconstituted in the unconscious which is a repository of forgotten memories and implicit knowledge recall that in the energy conserving id ego superego structure energetic contents that have not found a release will flow back into the person and presumably remain in the unconscious the contents retain their energetic potential and may be organized into a common themes such as complexes that exhibit a determining factor in conscious life when the ego is weakened thus psychoanalysis aims to depotentiate these contents through the recovery and reintegration of the contents into the ego this can be done via free association where patients effectively speak their mind without inhibition the method tends to reveal unsaid assumptions about the patient such as transference feelings towards one person are directed onto another projection feelings about self directed to another and resistance a mental block or gap in events that fails to be recalled delving into more repressed contents required greater lessening of the ego during dreaming freud developed a theory of dream analysis as way to interpret manifest dream material reported from experience and latent contents hidden meanings that have been transformed to protect the semi lucid ego during dreaming freud husserl 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