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the largest vessels present they did not ignore other targets the light cruiser helena was torpedoed and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer oglala two destroyers in dry dock cassin and downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers the leaking fuel caught fire flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise and both were burned out cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against downes the light cruiser raleigh was holed by a torpedo the light cruiser honolulu was damaged but remained in service the repair vessel vestal moored alongside arizona was heavily damaged and beached the seaplane tender curtiss was also damaged the destroyer shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine 129 of the 402 american aircraft in hawaii 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged 155 of them on the ground 18 almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base eight army air forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack 130 and six were credited with downing at least one japanese aircraft during the attack 1st lieutenant lewis m sanders and 2nd lieutenants philip m rasmussen kenneth m taylor george s welch harry w brown and gordon h sterling jr 131 132 of 33 consolidated pby catalinas in hawaii 30 were destroyed while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged friendly fire brought down some american planes on top of that including four from an inbound flight from enterprise 133 at the time of the attack nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of pearl harbor of these three were shot down 134 japanese losses the body of japanese fighter pilot fusata iida was buried with military honors by us troops on december 8 1941 fifty five japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack and one kazuo sakamaki was captured of japan s 414 105 available planes 350 took part in the raid twenty nine were lost nine in the first wave three fighters one dive bomber and five torpedo bombers and twenty in the second six fighters and fourteen dive bombers 135 nb 18 with another 74 damaged by anti aircraft fire from the ground citation needed possible third wave according to some accounts several japanese junior officers including fuchida and genda urged nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to sink more of pearl harbor s remaining warships and damage the base s maintenance shops drydock facilities and oil tank yards 52 most notably fuchida gave a firsthand account of this meeting several times after the war however some historians have cast doubt on this and many other of fuchida s later claims which sometimes conflict with documented historic records 136 genda who opined during the planning for the attack that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to fully destroy the pacific fleet 137 denied requesting an additional attack 138 regardless it is undisputed that the captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike soon after the second returned 139 but nagumo decided to withdraw for several reasons american anti aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike and two thirds of japan s losses were incurred during the second wave 140 nagumo felt if he launched a third strike he would be risking three quarters of the combined fleet s strength to wipe out the remaining targets which included the facilities while suffering higher aircraft losses 140 the location of the three american carriers remained unknown in addition the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of american land based bombers 140 nagumo was uncertain whether the united states had enough surviving planes remaining on hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers 141 a third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night at the time only the royal navy had developed night carrier techniques so this was a substantial risk 142 the first two waves had launched the entirety of the combined fleet s air strength a third wave would have required landing both the first and second wave before launching the first wave again compare nagumo s situation in the battle of midway where an attack returning from midway kept nagumo from launching an immediate strike on american carriers the task force s fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of pearl harbor much longer since he was at the very limit of logistical support to do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home 143 he believed the second strike had essentially accomplished the mission s main objective neutralizing the united states pacific fleet and did not wish to risk further losses 144 moreover it was ijn practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy 145 although a hypothetical third strike would have likely focused on the base s remaining warships 146 military historians have suggested any potential damage to the shore facilities would have hampered the pacific fleet far more seriously 68 page needed 69 page needed if they had been wiped out serious american operations in the pacific would have been postponed for more than a year 147 according to admiral chester w nimitz later commander in chief of the pacific fleet it would have prolonged the war another two years 148 at a conference aboard his flagship the following morning yamamoto supported nagumo s withdrawal without launching a third wave 144 in retrospect sparing the vital dockyards maintenance shops and the oil tank farm meant the united states could respond relatively quickly in the pacific yamamoto later regretted nagumo s decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike 149 ships lost or damaged further information list of united states navy ships present at pearl harbor december 7 1941 captain homer n wallin center supervises salvage operations aboard uss california in early 1942 twenty one american ships were damaged or lost in the attack of which all but three were repaired and returned to service 150 five of these battleships would after major repair participate in the last ever battleship on battleship engagement at the battle of surigao strait which would result in several japanese losses including two battleships battleships arizona rear admiral isaac c kidd s flagship of battleship division one hit by four armor piercing bombs exploded total loss not salvaged 1 177 dead later memorialized oklahoma hit by five torpedoes capsized total loss salvaged sank en route to scrapping may 1947 429 dead west virginia hit by two bombs seven torpedoes sunk returned to service july 1944 106 dead california hit by two bombs two torpedoes sunk returned to service january 1944 104 dead 151 nevada hit by six bombs one torpedo beached returned to service october 1942 60 dead pennsylvania admiral husband e kimmel s flagship of the united states pacific fleet 152 in dry dock with cassin and downes hit by one bomb and debris from uss cassin remained in service 9 dead tennessee hit by two bombs returned to service february 1942 5 dead maryland hit by two bombs returned to service february 1942 4 dead including floatplane pilot shot down ex battleship target aa training ship utah hit by two torpedoes capsized total loss salvage stopped 64 dead later memorialized cruisers helena hit by one torpedo returned to service january 1942 20 dead raleigh hit by one torpedo returned to service february 1942 153 honolulu near miss light damage remained in service destroyers cassin in drydock with downes and pennsylvania hit by one bomb burned reconstructed and returned to service february 1944 downes in drydock with cassin and pennsylvania caught fire from cassin burned reconstructed and returned to service november 1943 helm underway to west loch damaged by two near miss bombs 154 continued patrol dry docked january 15 1942 and sailed january 20 1942 shaw hit by three bombs returned to service june 1942 auxiliaries oglala minelayer damaged by torpedo hit on helena capsized returned to service as engine repair ship february 1944 vestal repair ship hit by two bombs blast and fire from arizona beached returned to service by august 1942 curtiss seaplane tender hit by one bomb one crashed japanese aircraft returned to service january 1942 19 dead sotoyomo harbor tug damaged by explosion and fires in shaw sunk returned to service august 1942 yfd 2 yard floating dock damaged by bombs sunk returned to service january 25 1942 servicing shaw salvage after a systematic search for survivors captain homer n wallin was ordered to lead a formal salvage operation 155 nb 19 around pearl harbor divers from the navy shore and tenders the pearl harbor naval shipyard and civilian contractors pacific bridge company and others began work on the ships that could be refloated they patched holes cleared debris and pumped water out of ships melvin storer and other navy divers worked inside the damaged ships 157 within six months five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in pearl harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair 158 intensive salvage operations continued for another year a total of some 20 000 man hours under water 159 page needed 160 arizona and the target ship utah were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk 161 with arizona becoming a war memorial oklahoma while raised was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 nevada proved particularly difficult to raise and repair two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship s interior 158 when feasible armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use to improve the anti aircraft defense of the harbor or installed aboard other craft 162 news coverage coverage in the united states the pennsylvania behind the wreckage of downes and cassin the initial announcement of the attack on pearl harbor was made by the white house press secretary stephen early at 2 22 p m eastern time 8 52 a m hawaiian time the japanese have attacked pearl harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of oahu principal american base in the hawaiian islands 163 as information developed early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 white house reporters over the course of the afternoon 164 initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2 25 p m eastern time the first radio coverage which at the time represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack was on the cbs radio network s scheduled news program world news today at 2 30 p m eastern time john charles daly read the initial report then switched to london where robert trout ad libbed on the possible london reaction the first report on nbc cut into a play a dramatization of the inspector general at 2 33 p m eastern time and lasted only 21 seconds unlike the later practice with major news stories there were only brief interruptions of scheduled commercial programming 165 the front page of the chicago tribune december 8 1941 the attacks were covered on television but the extent of it was limited as commercial television had started just six months earlier a few thousand tv sets existed in the united states with most being in the greater new york city area and only a handful of stations existed which were all in new york chicago los angeles and philadelphia wnbt from new york was the only tv station that was regularly airing that day in the country with the comedy movie millionaire playboy which was scheduled for 3 30 4 30 pm being interrupted with the news of the attack the other station known to cover the attacks was wcbw also out of new york where a special report on the attack was broadcast that evening there are no recordings of either station s coverage either visual or audio 166 at the time of the attack the last three regular season national football league games were happening the chicago bears were playing the chicago cardinals at comiskey park the brooklyn dodgers were playing the new york giants at the polo grounds and the philadelphia eagles were playing the washington redskins at washington s griffith stadium all three games were in progress as the attacks began and no official announcements were made at any of the games concerning the attacks with many fans finding out from phone calls placed at the stadium or from newsboys outside the stadium however throughout the redskins game happening in washington many military government and diplomatic personnel were asked to call their offices or return to them 167 at the giants game oss head col william j donovan was paged to call his office immediately and all military personnel were asked to return to their stations at the conclusion of the game 168 the washington game thanks to the announcements and general curiosity of the happenings ended in a near empty stadium when asked why an announcement was not made at his game redskins owner george preston marshall simply stated i didn t want to divert the fans attention from the game a contemporaneous newspaper report compared the attack to the battle of port arthur in which the imperial japanese navy attacked the imperial russian navy triggering the russo japanese war 37 years prior 169 modern writers have continued to note parallels between the attacks albeit more dispassionately 170 coverage in japan news of the attack was first broadcast at 11 30 am japanese standard time however it had already been announced shortly after 7 am japanese standard time that japan had entered into a situation of war with the united states and britain in the western pacific before dawn there was no further elaboration or explanation and the attacks were already finished by that time 171 the attack on pearl harbor was eventually covered in the japanese press but press in wartime japan was heavily censored 172 one japanese newspaper the asahi shimbun did report on the attack the day it occurred and from that point onward their editorials began to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were 173 the asahi shimbun also reported the declaration of war on the united states after the attacks framing it as an imperial order with most japanese people taking it that way in contrast coverage in the new york times focused on the danger to democracy and to the nation brought on by the japanese attack 172 nhk broadcast twelve special news reports along with its six regularly scheduled ones that day 171 nhk covered the news of pearl harbor and other attacks positively throughout the rest of the month 174 coverage elsewhere the united kingdom s bbc bro...
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