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n certain topics compared to others topic specialisation of nibandhakāra s subject author of digests general lakṣmīdhara 1104 1154 ce 110 devaṇṇa bhaṭṭan 1200 ce pratāparuda deva 16th century 111 nīlakaṇṭha 1600 1650 112 dalpati 16th century kashinatha 1790 113 inheritance jīmūtavāhana raghunandana adoption nanda paṇḍita 16th 17th century 114 king s duties caṇḍeśvara ṭoḍar mal 16th century 115 judicial process caṇḍeśvara 14th century kamalākara bhatta 1612 nīlakaṇṭha 17th century 112 mitra miśra 17th century women jurists edit a few notable historic digests on dharmasastras were written by women 116 117 these include lakshmidevi s vivadachandra and mahadevi dhiramati s danavakyavali 116 lakshmidevi state west and bühler gives a latitudinarian views and widest interpretation to yajnavalkya smriti but her views were not widely adopted by male legal scholars of her time 117 the scholarly works of lakshmidevi were also published with the pen name balambhatta and are now considered classics in legal theories on inheritance and property rights particularly for women 118 dharma texts and the schools of hindu philosophy edit the mimamsa school of hindu philosophy developed textual hermeneutics theories on language and interpretation of dharma ideas which contributed to the dharmasutras and dharmasastras 119 the vedanga fields of grammar and linguistics vyakarana and nirukta were the other significant contributors to the dharma text genre 119 mimamsa literally means the desire to think states donald davis and in colloquial historical context how to think interpret things and the meaning of texts 119 in the early portions of the vedas the focus was largely on the rituals in the later portions largely on philosophical speculations and the spiritual liberation moksha of the individual 119 120 the dharma texts over time and each in its own way attempted to present their theories on rules and duties of individuals from the perspective of a society using the insights of hermeneutics and on language developed by mimamsa and vedanga 119 120 121 the nyaya school of hindu philosophy and its insights into the theories on logic and reason contributed to the development of and disagreements between the dharmasastra texts and the term nyaya came to mean justice 122 123 influence edit main article hindu law dharmaśāstras played an influential role in modern era colonial india history when they were used as the basis for the law of the land for all non muslims hindus jains buddhists sikhs 12 13 124 in 18th century the earliest british of the east india company acted as agents of the mughal emperor as the british colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in india it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions 125 the east india company and later the british crown sought profits for its british shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement 126 the administration pursued a path of least resistance relying upon co opted local intermediaries that were mostly muslims and some hindus in various princely states 126 the british exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries 125 126 127 the colonial policy on the system of personal laws for india for example was expressed by governor general hastings in 1772 as follows that in all suits regarding inheritance marriage caste and other religious usages or institutions the law of the koran with respect to mohamedans and those of the shaster dharmaśāstra with respect to gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to warren hastings august 15 1772 124 for muslims of british india the sharia or the religious law for muslims was easily available in al hidaya and fatawa al alamgir written under the sponsorship of aurangzeb but for non muslims followers of dharmic religions and others such as tribal people and parsis this information was not readily available 125 hence the british colonial officials extracted from the dharmaśāstra the legal code to apply on non muslims for the purposes of colonial administration 128 129 however the hindu laws as designed by the british was solely drawn upon from a single text manusmriti with the commentary of the bengali hindu scholar kulluka bhatta which was widely respected among bengali hindu intermediaries of the british living in the capital of calcutta later british era collections saw increasing importance of canonical texts over secondary sources prevalent customary law in a manner similar to the sola scriptura doctrine 130 the dharmashastra derived laws for non muslim indians were dissolved after india gained independence but indian muslim personal law shariat application act of 1937 continued to be the personal and family law for indian muslims 131 for non muslims a non religious uniform civil code was passed by indian parliament in the 1950s and amended by its elected governments thereafter which has since then applied to all non muslim indians 131 major english translations edit for beginners edit olivelle patrick 1999 dharmasūtras the law codes of āpastamba gautama baudhāyana and vāsiṣṭha new york oxford up olivelle patrick 2004 the law code of manu new york oxford up other major translations edit kane p v ed and trans 1933 kātyāyanasmṛti on vyavahāra law and procedure poona oriental book agency lariviere richard w 2003 the nāradasmṛti 2nd rev ed delhi motilal banarsidass rocher ludo 1956 vyavahāracintāmani a digest on hindu legal procedure gent early translations with full text online edit jha ganganath trans manusmṛti with the manubhāṣyya of medhātithi including additional notes 1920 bühler georg trans the laws of manu sbe vol 25 1886 bühler georg trans the sacred laws of the āryas sbe vol 2 1879 part 1 āpastamba and gautama bühler georg trans the sacred laws of the āryas sbe vol 14 1882 part 2 vāsiṣṭha and baudhāyana jolly julius trans the institutes of viṣṇu sbe vol 7 1880 jolly julius trans the minor law books sbe vol 33 oxford 1889 contains both bṛhaspatismṛti and nāradasmṛti see also edit dhammasattha tirukkural notes edit pandurang vaman kane mentions over 100 different dharmaśāstra texts which were known by the middle ages in india but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in bhasya and digests that have survived 1 baudhayana in verses 1 1 5 6 provides a complete definition of śiṣṭa as now śiṣṭa are those who are free from envy and pride who possess just a jarful of grain who are without greed and who are free from hypocrisy arrogance greed folly and anger 50 numerous dharmasastras are known but most are lost to history and only known from them being mentioned or quoted in other surviving texts for example dharmasastras by atri harita ushanas angiras yama apastamba samvartha katyayana brihaspati parasara vyasa sankha likhita daksha gautama satatapa vasistha prachetas budha devala sumantu jamadgni visvamitra prajapati paithinasi pitamaha jabala chhagaleya chyavana marichi kasyapa gobhila risyasrimaga and others 68 69 references edit kane p v history of the dharmaśāstras vol 1 p 304 james lochtefeld 2002 dharma shastras in the illustrated encyclopedia of hinduism vol 1 a m rosen publishing isbn 0 8239 2287 1 pages 191 192 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiii xxv 1 2 robert lingat 1973 p 73 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 173 175 176 183 patrick olivelle manu s code of law a critical edition and translation of the mānava dharmaśāstra new york oxford up 2005 64 ludo rocher hindu law and religion where to draw the line in malik ram felicitation volume ed s a j zaidi new delhi 1972 pp 167 194 and richard w lariviere law and religion in india in law morality and religion global perspectives ed alan watson berkeley university of california press pp 75 94 patrick olivelle 2005 manu s code of law oxford university press isbn 978 0195171464 pages 31 32 81 82 154 166 208 214 353 354 356 382 donald davis 2010 the spirit of hindu law cambridge university press isbn 978 0521877046 page 13 16 166 179 kedar nath tiwari 1998 classical indian ethical thought motilal banarsidass pp 88 95 isbn 978 81 208 1607 7 rocher ludo july september 1972 indian response to anglo hindu law journal of the american oriental society 92 3 419 424 doi 10 2307 600567 jstor 600567 1 2 derrett j duncan m november 1961 the administration of hindu law by the british comparative studies in society and history 4 1 cambridge university press 10 52 doi 10 1017 s0010417500001213 jstor 177940 s2cid 144344249 1 2 werner menski 2003 hindu law beyond tradition and modernity oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 569921 0 chapter 1 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxii 1 2 3 4 5 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiii 1 2 robert lingat 1973 pp 7 8 robert lingat 1973 p 12 rajendra prasad 2009 a historical developmental study of classical indian philosophy of morals concept p 147 isbn 978 81 8069 595 7 1 2 3 4 5 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiv xxv 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiii xxv robert lingat 1973 pp 19 22 quote the dharma sutra of apastamba suggests that a rich literature on dharma already existed he cites ten authors by name patrick olivelle 2006 pp 178 see note 29 for a list of 17 cited ancient scholars in different dharmasutras patrick olivelle 2006 p 178 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiv 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxiv 1 2 3 4 5 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxv 1 2 3 robert lingat 1973 p 18 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 2006 p 185 1 2 robert lingat 1973 p 19 1 2 robert lingat 1973 pp 19 20 patrick olivelle 2006 p 46 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxvi patrick olivelle 1999 p 325 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxi patrick olivelle 2006 p 178 with note 28 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxvii 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxviii 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxiv 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxv 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxvi 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxvii patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxviii xxxix patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxviii xxxix 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xxxix 1 2 3 4 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xli patrick olivelle 2006 pp 180 robert lingat 1973 p 69 patrick olivelle 1999 pp 100 101 patrick olivelle 2006 p 181 patrick olivelle 1999 pp xlii 1 2 patrick olivelle 1999 pp x1ii robert lingat 1973 pp 73 77 1 2 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 169 170 1 2 3 4 timothy lubin donald r davis jr jayanth k krishnan 2010 p 57 patrick olivelle 2005 manu s code of law oxford university press isbn 978 0195171464 pages 24 25 flood 1996 p 56 patrick olivelle 2005 steven collins 1993 the discourse of what is primary journal of indian philosophy volume 21 pages 301 393 patrick olivelle 2005 pp 3 4 robert lingat 1973 p 77 lingat 1973 98 timothy lubin donald r davis jr jayanth k krishnan 2010 pp 59 72 robert lingat 1973 p 98 lariviere 1989 olivelle 2007 149 150 robert lingat 1973 p 277 mandagadde rama jois 1984 pp 22 benoy kumar sarkar 1985 the positive background of hindu sociology motilal banarsidass pp 192 194 isbn 978 81 208 2664 9 robert lingat 1973 pp 195 198 1 2 3 robert lingat 1973 p 104 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 2006 p 188 robert lingat 1973 pp 14 109 110 180 189 1 2 robert lingat 1973 p 97 robert lingat 1973 pp 98 103 106 robert lingat 1973 pp 130 131 1 2 robert lingat 1973 p 6 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 173 174 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 175 178 184 185 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 176 177 robert lingat 1973 p 22 patrick olivelle 2005 manu s code of law oxford university press isbn 978 0195171464 pages 353 354 356 382 g srikantan 2014 entanglements in legal history editor thomas duve max planck institute germany isbn 978 3944773001 page 123 robert lingat 1973 pp 129 131 p v kane history of dharmaśāstra ancient and mediaeval religious and civil law poona bhandarkar oriental research institute 1962 1975 robert lingat 1973 pp 158 159 robert lingat 1973 p 103 159 patrick olivelle 2006 p 172 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 172 173 robert lingat 1973 pp 14 16 robert lingat 1973 p 285 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 186 188 robert lingat 1973 pp 149 150 on this topic see olivelle patrick language tests and society explorations in ancient indian culture and religion p 174 robert lingat 1973 pp 98 99 1 2 3 patrick olivelle 2006 pp 195 198 with footnotes kane p v history of the dharmaśāstras vol 4 p 38 58 robert lingat 1973 pp 54 56 robert lingat 1973 p 55 robert lingat 1973 p 107 j duncan j derrett 1977 essays in classical and modern hindu law brill academic isbn 978 9004048089 pages 10 17 36 37 with footnote 75a kane p v history of dharmaśāstra poona bhandarkar oriental research institute 1975 volume i part ii 583 1 2 3 4 5 6 patrick olivelle 2005 pp 367 369 1 2 3 ludo rocher 2008 p 111 1 2 banerji 1999 pp 72 75 david c buxbaum 2013 family law and customary law in asia a contemporary legal perspective springer pp 202 205 with footnote 3 isbn 978 94 017 6216 8 banerji 1999 pp 5 6 307 banerji 1999 pp 38 72 harshananda swami a concise encyclopaedia of hinduism ramakrishna math bull temple road bengaluru 2007 maria heim 2004 theories of the gift in south asia hindu buddhist and jain reflections on dāna routledge pp 4 5 isbn 978 0 415 97030 3 robert lingat 1973 p 116 1 2 banerji 1999 pp 66 67 banerji 1999 pp 65 66 robert lingat 1973 p 117 banerji 1999 p 71 1 2 mandagadde rama jois 1984 p 50 1 2 sir raymond west georg bühler 1878 a digest of the hindu law of inheritance and partition from the replies of the sâstris in the several courts of the bombay presidency with introductions notes and an appendix education society s press pp 6 7 490 491 maurice winternitz 1963 history of indian literature motilal banarsidass pp 602 with footnote 2 isbn 978 81 208 0056 4 cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 3 4 5 donald r davis jr 2010 pp 47 49 1 2 francis xavier clooney 1990 thinking ritually rediscovering the pūrva mīmāṃsā of jaimini de nobili vienna pp 25 28 isbn 978 3 900271 21 3 kisori lal sarkar the mimansa rules of interpretation as applied to hindu law tagore law lectures of 1905 calcutta thacker spink 1909 ludo rocher 2008 p 112 mandagadde rama jois 1984 pp 3 469 481 1 2 rocher ludo 1972 indian response to anglo hindu law journal of the american oriental society 92 3 jstor 419 424 doi 10 2307 600567 jstor 600567 1 2 3 timothy lubin et al 2010 hinduism and law an introduction editors lubin and davis cambridge university press isbn 978 0521716260 chapter 1 1 2 3 washbrook d a 1981 law state and agrarian society in colonial india modern asian studies 15 3 649 721 doi 10 1017 s0026749x00008714 jstor 312295 s2cid 145176900 kugle scott alan may 2001 framed blamed and renamed the recasting of islamic jurisprudence in colonial south asia modern asian studies 35 2 cambridge university press 257 313 doi 10 1017 s0026749x01002013 jstor 313119 s2cid 146583562 ludo rocher hindu law and religion where to draw the line in malik ram felicitation volume ed s a j zaidi new delhi 1972 19...
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