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rning shell and causing the outer layers of the star to expand and cool the stage as these stars move away from the main sequence is known as the subgiant branch it is relatively brief and appears as a gap in the evolutionary track since few stars are observed at that point when the helium core of low mass stars becomes degenerate or the outer layers of intermediate mass stars cool sufficiently to become opaque their hydrogen shells increase in temperature and the stars start to become more luminous this is known as the red giant branch it is a relatively long lived stage and it appears prominently in h r diagrams these stars will eventually end their lives as white dwarfs 60 61 the most massive stars do not become red giants instead their cores quickly become hot enough to fuse helium and eventually heavier elements and they are known as supergiants they follow approximately horizontal evolutionary tracks from the main sequence across the top of the h r diagram supergiants are relatively rare and do not show prominently on most h r diagrams their cores will eventually collapse usually leading to a supernova and leaving behind either a neutron star or black hole 62 when a cluster of stars is formed at about the same time the main sequence lifespan of these stars will depend on their individual masses the most massive stars will leave the main sequence first followed in sequence by stars of ever lower masses the position where stars in the cluster are leaving the main sequence is known as the turnoff point by knowing the main sequence lifespan of stars at this point it becomes possible to estimate the age of the cluster 63 see also edit lists of astronomical objects notes edit by measuring the difference between these values eliminates the need to correct the magnitudes for distance however this can be affected by interstellar extinction the sun is a typical type g2v star references edit longair malcolm s 2006 the cosmic century a history of astrophysics and cosmology cambridge university press pp 25 26 isbn 978 0 521 47436 8 a b brown laurie m pais abraham pippard a b eds 1995 twentieth century physics bristol new york institute of physics american institute of physics p 1696 isbn 978 0 7503 0310 1 oclc 33102501 a b russell h n 1913 giant and dwarf stars the observatory 36 324 329 bibcode 1913obs 36 324r strömgren bengt 1933 on the interpretation of the hertzsprung russell diagram zeitschrift für astrophysik 7 222 248 bibcode 1933za 7 222s schatzman evry l praderie francoise 1993 the stars springer pp 96 97 isbn 978 3 540 54196 7 morgan w w keenan p c kellman e 1943 an atlas of stellar spectra with an outline of spectral classification chicago illinois the university of chicago press retrieved 2008 08 12 a b c unsöld albrecht 1969 the new cosmos springer verlag new york inc p 268 isbn 978 0 387 90886 1 kelly patrick l et al 2 april 2018 extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1 5 by a galaxy cluster lens nature 2 4 334 342 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