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ch as an airline or shipping company that being locally registered in a given sovereign state enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by that government for international operations historically the term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country 1 such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier although this can have different legal meanings in some countries today it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally regardless of whether it is government owned 2 3 flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry 4 for example under the law of the united states a u s flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under section 401 of the federal aviation act of 1958 i e any u s based airline operating internationally 5 and any ship registered in the united states is known as a u s flag vessel 6 background edit a douglas dc 4 owned and operated by el al the flag carrier of israel in 1948 the term flag carrier is a legacy of the early days of commercial aviation when governments often took the lead by establishing state owned airlines because of the high capital costs of running them however not all such airlines were government owned pan am twa cathay pacific union de transports aériens canadian pacific air lines and olympic airlines were all privately owned but were considered to be flag carriers 7 as they were the main national airline 8 and often a sign of their country s presence abroad 9 10 the heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments denying airlines access to an open market these bilateral air transport agreements similar to the bermuda i and bermuda ii agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines forcing some governments to jump start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition some countries also establish flag carriers such as israel s el al 11 or lebanon s middle east airlines 12 for nationalist reasons or to aid the country s economy particularly in the area of tourism 13 in many cases governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives the establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition 14 even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established the flag carriers may still be accorded priority especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets 15 near the end of the twentieth century many of these airlines have been corporatized as a public company or a state owned enterprise while others have been completely privatized 16 the aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized 17 permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the united states and in the european union with the signing of the open skies agreement 18 one of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier 19 list of flag carrying airlines edit the chart below lists airlines considered to be a flag carrier based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline country or region airline details of current state ownership details of former state ownership afghanistan ariana afghan airlines 20 state owned 21 algeria air algérie 22 state owned 23 angola taag angola airlines 24 majority 25 argentina aerolíneas argentinas 26 state owned 26 aruba aruba airlines 27 none australia qantas 28 none state owned between 1947 and 1995 29 austria austrian airlines 30 none owned by lufthansa state owned until 5 december 2008 31 azerbaijan azerbaijan airlines 32 state owned 33 bahamas bahamasair 34 state owned 35 bahrain gulf air 36 state owned 37 bangladesh biman bangladesh airlines 38 public limited company state owned until 23 july 2007 belarus belavia 39 state owned 40 belgium brussels airlines 41 none owned by lufthansa 42 state owned in its original incarnation sn brussels airlines bermuda bermudair 43 none bhutan druk air 44 state owned 45 bolivia boliviana de aviación 46 state owned 47 botswana air botswana 48 state owned 48 brunei royal brunei airlines 49 state owned 49 bulgaria bulgaria air 50 minority state owned 0 01 51 burkina faso air burkina state owned 52 cambodia air cambodia 53 minority 30 53 cameroon camair co 54 state owned 55 canada air canada 56 none state owned until privatization in 1989 57 minority est 6 4 between april 2021 and december 2024 58 59 cape verde cabo verde airlines 60 majority 90 61 cayman islands cayman airways state owned 62 chile latam chile 63 64 none state owned until september 1989 65 china air china 66 majority 51 7 40 98 through cnahc and 10 72 through cnacg 67 10 state owned until 2004 68 colombia avianca 69 none costa rica avianca costa rica 70 croatia croatia airlines 71 majority 98 72 cuba cubana de aviación 73 state owned 74 cyprus cyprus airways 75 none 40 owned by malta based sjc group 76 dr congo congo airways 77 state owned 77 denmark scandinavian airlines minority 26 state owned by ministry of finance of denmark 78 sas was partly owned by the governments of denmark norway and sweden sas is the flag carrier for all three nations 79 80 81 norway sweden djibouti air djibouti 82 joint venture dominican republic arajet 83 none egypt egyptair 84 state owned 85 equatorial guinea ceiba intercontinental 86 state owned 87 eritrea eritrean airlines citation needed state owned eswatini eswatini air 88 ethiopia ethiopian airlines 89 state owned 90 faroe islands atlantic airways 91 fiji fiji airways 92 majority 51 93 finland finnair 94 majority 55 8 95 france air france 96 minority state ownership of air france klm 97 98 french polynesia air tahiti nui 99 majority 100 gabon flygabon 101 majority state owned 56 102 georgia georgian airways citation needed none germany lufthansa 103 none state owned until 1994 104 remaining government shares were sold in 1997 105 minority 20 05 in the lufthansa group acquired in 2020 106 107 was sold in 2022 108 greece aegean airlines 109 the greek government had minority shares of the airline due to a covid bailout the airline bought back government shares in 2023 110 greenland air greenland 111 state owned 112 previously owned by scandinavian airlines and ministry of finance of denmark 113 guernsey aurigny 114 state owned 115 hong kong cathay pacific 116 minority 29 98 through air china 117 hong kong government owned 6 8 of shares from 2020 118 to 2024 119 iceland icelandair 120 none owned by icelandair group 121 india air india 122 none owned by tata group 74 9 and singapore airlines 25 1 123 state owned until november 2021 122 124 125 indonesia garuda indonesia 126 majority 60 54 127 iran iran air 128 state owned 129 iraq iraqi airways 130 ireland aer lingus 131 132 none owned by iag state owned until september 2006 133 israel el al 134 minority 1 1 135 state owned until june 2004 italy ita airways 136 majority 59 succeeded alitalia starting from 15 october 2021 137 138 139 140 ivory coast air côte d ivoire 141 state owned 142 jamaica caribbean airlines 143 144 145 minority 16 146 147 148 trinidad and tobago majority 84 149 japan japan airlines 150 none state owned until 1987 151 152 all nippon airways 153 154 none jordan royal jordanian 155 kazakhstan air astana 156 majority 51 157 kenya kenya airways 158 minority 29 8 159 kiribati air kiribati 160 kuwait kuwait airways 161 state owned 162 kyrgyzstan asman airlines 163 state owned laos lao airlines 164 state owned 165 latvia airbaltic 166 majority 80 05 167 lebanon middle east airlines 168 majority 99 168 libya afriqiyah airways 169 state owned 170 libyan airlines 171 state owned 170 luxembourg luxair 172 majority 73 86 173 macau air macau 174 minority 5 madagascar madagascar airlines 175 majority malawi malawian airlines 176 majority 51 176 malaysia malaysia airlines 177 state owned through khazanah nasional 178 maldives maldivian malta km malta airlines 179 majority marshall islands air marshall islands 180 mauritania mauritania airlines 181 state owned 182 mauritius air mauritius 183 mexico aeroméxico 184 none state owned until 2007 mongolia miat mongolian airlines 185 state owned 186 montenegro air montenegro 187 state owned 188 morocco royal air maroc 189 state owned 190 mozambique lam mozambique airlines 191 state owned 192 myanmar myanmar national airlines 193 state owned 194 nauru nauru airlines 195 state owned 195 nepal nepal airlines 196 state owned netherlands klm 197 minority state ownership of air france klm 97 198 new caledonia aircalin 199 majority 99 citation needed new zealand air new zealand 200 majority 53 201 state owned until 1989 partially re nationalized in 2001 202 203 204 north korea air koryo 205 state owned 206 oman oman air 207 majority 208 pakistan pakistan international airlines 209 minority state owned 25 210 state owned until december 2025 75 stakes were sold to arif habib corporation 211 panama copa airlines 212 none papua new guinea air niugini 213 paraguay latam paraguay 214 peru latam perú 215 philippines philippine airlines 216 state owned until 1992 217 218 poland lot polish airlines 219 state owned 220 portugal tap air portugal 221 majority 72 222 qatar qatar airways 223 state owned réunion air austral 224 romania tarom 225 majority 97 22 225 russia aeroflot 226 majority 51 227 rwanda rwandair 228 state owned 229 samoa samoa airways 230 state owned 231 são tomé and príncipe stp airways 232 none saudi arabia saudia 233 majority riyadh air 234 state owned by the public investment fund 235 senegal air senegal 236 serbia air serbia 237 majority 51 238 seychelles air seychelles 239 state owned 100 240 solomon islands solomon airlines 241 state owned 242 sierra leone air sierra leone 243 singapore singapore airlines 244 majority 54 5 through temasek holdings 245 south africa south african airways 246 state owned 247 south korea korean air 248 none 249 owned by hanjin 250 state owned until 1969 251 252 253 spain iberia 254 none owned by iag sri lanka srilankan airlines 255 state owned 256 sudan sudan airways state owned 257 suriname surinam airways 258 state owned 259 switzerland swiss international air lines 260 none owned by lufthansa 261 syria syrian air 262 state owned taiwan china airlines 263 majority 264 state owned until 1991 51 28 held by non profit civic aviation development foundation 265 timor leste aero dili 266 tanzania air tanzania state owned thailand thai airways international 267 minority 47 86 268 tunisia tunisair 269 majority 269 turkey turkish airlines 270 minority 49 turkmenistan turkmenistan airlines 271 state owned 272 uganda uganda airlines 273 united arab emirates etihad airways 274 state owned by the government of abu dhabi 275 276 emirates 277 state owned by the government of dubai through the icd 278 united kingdom british airways 279 none owned by iag state owned until 1987 280 uzbekistan uzbekistan airways 281 majority vanuatu air vanuatu 282 state owned 282 venezuela conviasa 283 state owned 284 vietnam vietnam airlines 285 majority 86 2 285 yemen yemenia 286 majority zambia zambia airways 287 zimbabwe air zimbabwe 288 state owned 289 see also edit list of charter airlines list of low cost airlines references edit morris hugh 17 march 2019 the slow death of the flag carrier could state owned airlines become a thing of the past the telegraph archived from the original on 12 january 2022 malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier a label that in times gone by indicated a government owned airline and one that embodied a country s national identity teeter on the brink mcmurtry ian 25 may 2018 palestinian airlines the homeless flag carrier airlinegeeks com retrieved 12 june 2019 moores victoria 24 may 2019 interview ceo aims to make virgin atlantic uk s second flag carrier atwonline com retrieved 12 june 2019 flag carrier definition businessdictionary com archived from the original on 23 october 2013 retrieved 22 may 2009 list of u s flag air carriers dartmouth edu archived from the original on 6 june 2010 retrieved 12 june 2019 usocean com u s flag carrier retrieved 12 june 2019 paul stephen dempsey 1991 airline management strategies for the 21st century coast aire publication p 299 flag airline definition macmillan dictionary archived from the original on 7 july 2012 retrieved 9 december 2012 henry ladd smith 1991 airways abroad the story of american world air routes smithsonian history of aviation series sampson anthony 1984 empires of the sky the politics contests and cartels of world airlines hodder and stoughton sherman arnold 1972 to the skies the el al story bantam books sampson anthony 1984 empires of the sky the politics contests and cartels of world airlines hodder and stoughton p 82 tim pat coogan 2002 wherever green is worn the story of the irish diaspora palgrave macmillan p 265 david warnock smith and peter morrel 2008 air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism dependent economies a case history of some us caribbean markets journal of air transport management 14 p 230 r e g davies 1987 rebels and reformers of the airways airlife england pp 250 254 m staniland 2003 government birds air transport and the state in western europe rowman littlefield publishers p 68 tai hoon oum and a j taylor 1995 emerging patterns in intercontinental air linkages and implications for international route allocation policy transportation journal vol 34 no 4 summer 1995 pp 5 27 open skies partners us state department retrieved 6 december 2012 mastalerek joanna 2006 the future of the open skies agreements after the ecj judgements legal and economic aspects grin verlag p 12 eu to impose ban on afghan planes airwise news 22 november 2010 archived from the original on 24 may 2013 kabul based safi is the country s no 2 airline after national carrier ariana afghan airlines de luce dan kube courtney 8 june 2022 biden admin relies on taliban controlled airline to help afghans flee afghanistan nbc news retrieved 17 march 2023 the biden administration indirectly purchases plane tickets in bulk from ariana afghan airlines the country s state owned airline air algerie eyeing african tie ups ceo airwise news 29 april 2008 archived from the original on 24 may 2013 algeria s national airline air algerie is considering tie ups air algerie to spend 762 million upgrading its fleet middle east online 14 december 2013 archived from the original on 25 june 2014 pilling mark 10 december 2025 asky taag latest african airlines to develop independent mro...
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