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indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 latina malagasy മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский simple english српски srpski svenska türkçe українська اردو 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia indian ethnoreligious group this article is about the people for their denominations see saint thomas christian denominations ethnic group saint thomas christians മാർ തോമാ നസ്രാണി saint thomas cross total population approx 6 000 000 2018 1 regions with significant populations india kerala chennai bengaluru mumbai uae dubai oman kuwait usa new york metropolitan area chicago houston dallas tampa detroit atlanta philadelphia new jersey los angeles san francisco bay area canada toronto edmonton whitehorse uk london birmingham the netherlands amsterdam 2 3 languages vernacular malayalam liturgical syriac aramaic 4 religion christianity saint thomas christian denominations catholic syro malabar church east syriac rite syro malankara church west syriac rite oriental orthodox west syriac rite malankara orthodox syrian church jacobite syrian christian church malabar independent syrian church assyrian church of the east east syriac rite chaldean syrian church oriental protestant christianity reformed west syriac rite malankara mar thoma syrian church st thomas evangelical church of india protestant saint thomas anglicans of the church of south india c s i rite pentecostal saint thomas christians riteless nonliturgical related ethnic groups malayalis 5 knanaya cochin jews assyrians 6 part of a series on saint thomas christians history saint thomas thomas of cana mar sabor and mar proth tharisapalli plates synod of diamper coonan cross oath religion crosses denominations churches syriac language music prominent persons abraham malpan athanasius paulose anjilimoottil itty thommen kathanar coorilos paulose paremmakkal thoma kathanar kayamkulam philipose ramban kuriakose elias chavara varghese payyappilly palakkappilly mar thoma i alphonsa of the immaculate conception sadhu kochoonju upadesi kariattil iousep geevarghese dionysius of vattasseril gregorios of parumala geevarghese ivanios euphrasia eluvathingal thoma of villarvattom culture margamkali parichamuttukali cuisine suriyani malayalam v t e the saint thomas christians also called syrian christians of india marthoma suriyani nasrani malankara nasrani or nasrani mappila are an ethno religious community of indian christians in the state of kerala malabar region 7 who for the most part employ the eastern and western liturgical rites of syriac christianity 8 they trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of thomas the apostle in the 1st century 9 10 the saint thomas christians had been historically a part of the hierarchy of the church of the east but are now divided into several different eastern catholic oriental orthodox protestant and independent bodies each with their own liturgies and traditions 9 they are based in kerala and they speak malayalam 5 11 nasrani or nazarene is a syriac term for christians who were among the first converts to christianity in the near east historically this community was organised as the province of india of the church of the east by patriarch timothy i 780 823 ad in the eighth century it was served by bishops and a local dynastic archdeacon 8 12 13 in the 14th century the church of the east declined in the near east due to persecution from tamerlane 14 15 16 17 18 portuguese colonial overtures to bring st thomas christians into the latin church of the catholic church administered by their padroado system in the 16th century led to the first of several rifts schisms in the community 19 20 21 the attempts of the portuguese culminated in the synod of diamper formally subjugating them to the portuguese padroado and imposing upon them the roman rite of worship the portuguese oppression provoked a violent resistance among the thomasine christians that took expression in the coonan cross oath protest in 1653 this led to the permanent schism among the thomas christians of india leading to the formation of puthankoor or puthankūttukār new allegiance and paḻayakūṟ or pazhayakūr old allegiance factions 22 the paḻayakūṟ comprise the present day syro malabar church and chaldean syrian church which continue to employ the original east syriac rite 8 23 24 25 26 27 the puthankoottukar who continued to resist the catholic missionaries organized themselves as the independent malankara church and entered into a new communion with the syriac orthodox church of antioch inheriting from them the west syriac rite replacing the old east syriac rite liturgy 28 8 29 the chaldean syrian church based in thrissur represents the continuation of the traditional pre sixteenth century church of saint thomas christians in india 30 31 it forms the indian archdiocese of the iraq based assyrian church of the east which is one of the descendant churches of the church of the east they were a minority faction within the paḻayakūṟ faction which joined with the church of the east bishop during the 1870s 32 the eastern catholic faction is in full communion with the holy see in rome this includes the aforementioned syro malabar church which follows the east syriac rite as well as the west syriac syro malankara catholic church 33 8 the oriental orthodox faction includes the autocephalous malankara orthodox syrian church and malabar independent syrian church along with the jacobite syrian christian church an integral part of the syriac orthodox church headed by the patriarch of antioch 28 oriental protestant denominations include the mar thoma syrian church and the st thomas evangelical church of india 34 being a reformed church influenced by anglican missionaries in the 1800s the mar thoma church employs a reformed variant of the liturgical west syriac rite 35 36 the st thomas evangelical church of india is an evangelical faction that split off from the marthoma church in 1961 37 meanwhile the csi syrian christians represents those malankara syrian christians who joined the anglican church in 1836 and eventually became part of the church of south india a united protestant denomination the csi is in full communion with the mar thoma syrian church 38 39 40 41 by the 20th century various syrian christians joined pentecostal and other evangelical denominations like the kerala brethren indian pentecostal church of god assemblies of god among others they are known as pentecostal saint thomas christians 42 43 terminology the saint thomas christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for saint thomas the apostle who is said to have brought christianity to india the name dates back to the period of portuguese colonisation they are also known especially locally as nasrani or nasrani mappila the former means christian it appears to have been derived from the hebrew word netzer or the aramaic nasraya from isaiah 11 1 nasrani is evolved from the syriac term for christian that emerges from the greek word nazōraioi nazarene in english mappila is an honorific applied to members of non indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the middle east who had intermarried with the local population including muslims jonaka mappila and jews yuda mappila 44 45 some syrian christians of travancore continue to attach this honorific title to their names 46 the government of india designates members of the community as syrian christians a term originating with the dutch colonial authority that distinguishes the saint thomas christians who used syriac within east syriac rite or west syriac rite as their liturgical language from newly evangelised christians who followed the roman rite 47 the terms syrian or syriac relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical religious and liturgical connection to the church of the east or east syriac church 44 ethnic divisions internally the saint thomas christian community is divided into two ethnic groups the majority vadakkumbhagar or northist and the minority tekkumbhagar or southist saint thomas christian tradition traces the origin of these ethno geographical epithets to the city of kodungallur the historic capital of the medieval chera dynasty the early converts of saint thomas the apostle and those who later joined the faith in india are believed to have initially resided on the northern side of the city of kodungallur and for that reason became known as vadakkumbhagar or northist 48 49 50 51 in either the 4th or 8th century the syriac christian merchant magnate knai thoma is noted to have arrived and settled in southern kodungallur with a cohort of merchants and clergymen because they dwelled on the southern side the descendants of thoma s migration became known as tekkumbhagar or southist 48 49 50 51 the southist community is primarily known by the appellation k nā nāya syriac for canaanite an adjectival epithet of knai thoma 52 the oxford history of the christian church summarizes the division of the community in the following quote in time jewish christians of the most exclusive communities descended from settlers who accompanied knayil thomma kanayi became known as southists tekkumbha ̄gar they distinguished between themselves and northists vatakkumbha ̄gar the northists on the other hand claimed direct descent from the very oldest christians of the country those who had been won to christ by the apostle thomas himself they had already long inhabited northern parts of kodungallur they had been there even before various waves of newcomers had arrived from the babylonian or mesopotamian provinces of sassanian persia historian of south asian studies robert e frykenberg 2010 51 history origin see also acts of thomas according to tradition thomas the apostle came to muziris on the kerala coast in 52 ad 53 54 9 which is in present day pattanam near kodungallur kerala 55 however the visit of st thomas is still a matter of dispute among historians 56 the cochin jews are known to have existed in kerala in the 1st century ad 10 57 and it was possible for an aramaic speaking jew such as st thomas from galilee to make a trip to kerala then 58 the earliest known source connecting the apostle to northwest india specifically the indo parthian kingdom is the acts of thomas likely written in the early 3rd century perhaps in edessa 59 a number of 3rd and 4th century roman writers also mention thomas trip to india including ambrose of milan gregory of nazianzus jerome and ephrem the syrian while eusebius of caesarea records that st clement of alexandria s teacher pantaenus from alexandria visited a christian community in india using the gospel of matthew in hebrew in the 2nd century 60 61 the tradition of origin of the christians in kerala is found in a version of the songs of thomas or thomma parvam written in 1601 and believed to be a summary of a larger and older work 62 63 thomas is described as arriving in or around maliankara and founding ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ seven great churches kodungallur kottakavu palayoor kokkamangalam nilackal niranam and kollam 64 some other churches namely thiruvithamcode arappally a half church 65 66 67 malayattoor and aruvithura are often called arappallikal 68 the thomma parvam also narrates the conversion of jews natives and the local king at kodungallur by st thomas it is possible that the jews who became christians at that time were absorbed by what became the nasrani community in kerala 58 69 the thomma parvam further narrates st thomas s mission in the rest of south india and his martyrdom at mylapore in present day chennai tamil nadu 70 71 according to legend the community began with thomas s conversion of 32 brahmin families namely pakalomattom sankarapuri kalli kaliyankal koikara madapoor muttodal kottakara nedumpilly palackal panakkamattom kunnappilly vazhappilly payyappilly maliakkal pattamukku thaiyil etc 72 73 74 while there is much doubt on the cultural background of early christians there is evidence that some members of the st thomas christian community observed brahmin customs in the middle ages such as the wearing of the upanayana sacred thread and having a kudumi 79 the medieval historian pius malekandathil believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the brahmin dominance of medieval kerala he argues that the syrian christians in kerala integrated with persian christian migrant merchants in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine buddhist and jain traders who rivaled the brahmins for religious and political hegemony in kerala at the time 75 78 an organized christian presence in india dates to the arrival of east syriac settlers and missionaries from persia members of what would become the church of the east in around the 3rd century 80 81 saint thomas christians trace the further growth of their community to the arrival of jewish christians early east syriac christians from the region of mesopotamia led by knāi thoma anglicized as thomas of cana which is said to have occurred either in the 4th or 8th century 82 the subgroup of the saint thomas christians known as the knanaya or southists trace their lineage to thomas of cana while the group known as the northists claim descent from the early christians evangelized by thomas the apostle 83 the traditional histories of the thomas christians note that the immigration of the knanites reinvigorated the church of india which was at the moment of their arrival deprived of ecclesial leadership 84 the arrival of the migrants is also associated with connecting the native church of st thomas with the syriac christian tradition of the church of the east 1 85 86 during this time period thomas of cana received copper plates of socio economic and religious rights for his relations his party and all people of his religion the granting of these plates is noted to have enhanced the social position of all the ancient christians of india and secured for them royal protection from the chera dynasty the thomas of cana copper plates were extant in kerala until the 17th century after which point they were lost 87 84 80 classical period tharisapalli copper plate grant 9th century one of the reliable documentary evidences of the privileges and influence that saint thomas christians enjoyed in early malabar 88 the document contains signatures of the witnesses in pahlavi kufic and hebrew scripts 89 it is the oldest documentary evidence from india that attest the presence of a persian christian community in south india 90 ...
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