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hs 32nd c bce hieratic 32nd c bce demotic 7th c bce meroitic 3rd c bce proto sinaitic 19th c bce ugaritic 15th c bce ancient south arabian 9th c bce geʽez c 5th c bce phoenician 12th c bce see below hangul 1443 thaana c 1601 adlam 1989 phoenician 12th c bce paleo hebrew 10th c bce samaritan 6th c bce aramaic 8th c bce unknown kushan script 600 200 bce kharosthi 3rd c bce brahmi 3rd c bce brahmic pallava 4th century cham 4th century dhives akuru 6th century khmer 611 tibetan 7th century ʼphags pa 1269 devanagari 10th century canadian aboriginal 1840 hebrew 3rd c bce pahlavi 2nd c bce avestan 4th century palmyrene 1st c bce nabataean 2nd c bce arabic 4th century n ko 1949 syriac 1st century sogdian 2nd century old turkic 8th century old hungarian c 650 old uyghur mongolian 1204 mandaic 2nd century greek 8th c bce etruscan 8th c bce latin 7th c bce deseret 1854 great lakes algonquian 19th century blackfoot 1888 fraser 1915 saanich 1978 osage 2006 runic 2nd century ogham 4th century lycian 5th c bce coptic 3rd century gothic 3rd century armenian 405 caucasian albanian c 420 georgian c 430 glagolitic 862 cyrillic c 940 old permic 1372 libyco berber 10th c bce tifinagh 4th century neo tifinagh 1970 paleohispanic 7th c bce brahmic scripts the brahmi script and its descendants northern brahmic gupta śāradā laṇḍā scripts gurmukhī khojkī khudābādī multānī mahājanī laṅgaṛī bhaṭṭākharī tākri scripts chambeali tākri sirmauri tākri jaunsari tākri mahasu tākri mandeali tākri ḍōgarā sāṁcā scripts pābūcī bhaṭṭākṣarī paṇḍwāṇī candwāṇī bāgoī siddhaṃ nāgarī scripts devanāgarī gujarātī mōḍī gunjala gōṇḍī nandināgarī konkannāgarī kaithī síloṭi nāgarī kāmarūpī ôxômiya traditional gaudi bengali assamese bānglā ôxômiya standard tirhutā oṛiā nepalese scripts prachalit pāchūmōl hiṁmōl kuṁmōl bhujimōl golmōl kveṁmōl litumōl rañjanā soyombo tibetan üchen umê jôyig meitei róng limbu khēmā ʼphags pa zanabazar square marchen marchung pungs chen pungs chung drusha tamyig kalinga bhaikṣukī tocharian southern brahmic bhaṭṭiprōlu box headed script kadaṁba telugu kannada kannaḍa goykānaḍī telugu tamil brahmi vaṭṭeḻuttu koleḻuttŭ malayāṇma pallava tamiḻ grantha tigalari malayalam malayāḷam tigaḷāri thirke dhivēs akuru saurāṣṭra siṁhala khmer khom thai proto tai script sukhothai thai fakkham thai noi lao tai viet dai don lai tay lai pao cham kawi balinese batak buda javanese old sundanese sundanese lontara makasar ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai baybayin buhid hanunoo tagbanwa kulitan mon burmese burmese western pwo karen s gaw karen shan tanchangya lik tai scripts ahom khamti tai le modern mon chakma tai tham new tai lue pyu v t e the tibetan script is a segmental writing system or abugida forming a part of the brahmic scripts and used to write certain tibetic languages including tibetan dzongkha sikkimese ladakhi jirel and balti its exact origins are a subject of research but it is traditionally considered to have been developed by thonmi sambhota for king songtsen gampo the tibetan script has also been used for some non tibetic languages in close cultural contact with tibet such as thakali 6 and nepali 7 the printed form is called uchen script while the hand written form used in everyday writing is called umê script this writing system is especially used across the himalayan region history edit little is known about the exact origins of tibetan script 8 according to tibetan historiography it was developed during the reign of king songtsen gampo by his minister thonmi sambhota who was sent to india along with other scholars to study buddhism along with sanskrit 9 10 they developed the tibetan script from the gupta script 11 while at the pabonka hermitage this occurred c 620 verification needed towards the beginning of songtsen gampo s reign there were 21 sutra texts held by the king which were translated afterwards in the first half of the 7th century the tibetan script was used for the codification of these sacred buddhist texts 12 13 for written civil laws and for a tibetan constitution earliest sources on tibet such as the old tibetan chronicle do not mention any thonmi sambhota 14 scripts predating songtsen gampo might have existed but in any case do not appear to be widely used 14 researchers postulate that tibetan kings sought to develop a system of writing as their territory expanded the script resembling the version today was likely developed in the second half of the 11th century 14 15 new research and writings also suggest that there were one or more tibetan scripts in use prior to the introduction of the script by songtsen gampo and thonmi sambhota the incomplete dunhuang manuscripts are the key evidence for this hypothesis 16 while the few discovered and recorded old tibetan annals manuscripts date from 650 and therefore post date the c 620 date of development of the original tibetan script verification needed citation needed van schaik 2011 states that the late gupta script of nepal and northern india is to be considered as the most likely primary model for the tibetan script van schaik concludes that the tibetan script was likely finalized in the 630s or 640s around the time the tibetan empire began formally developing its written administrative system although tönmi sambhota s historical existence cannot be confirmed the evidence supports the idea that a tibetan mission or similar effort went to india to study writing the tibetan script appears to have developed through two stages of indic influence early gupta forms and later developments associated with siddhamātṛkā van schaik proposes that late gupta forms reached tibet throughout the 6th century after which the tibetan court deliberately undertook a project to create a new script adapted to the phonetics of tibetan also incorporating new developments seen in the siddhamātṛkā found in northern india this new script became the first version of the tibetan script attested later by inscriptions of the 8th century 1 description edit the mantra om mani padme hum basic alphabet edit in the tibetan script the syllables are written from left to right syllables are separated by a tsek since many tibetan words are monosyllabic this mark often functions almost as a space spaces are not used to divide words 17 the tibetan alphabet has thirty letters sometimes known as radicals for consonants 18 as in other indic scripts each consonant letter assumes an inherent vowel in the tibetan script it is a the letter ཨ is also the base for dependent vowel marks although some tibetan dialects are tonal the language had no tone at the time of the script s invention and there are no dedicated symbols for tone however since tones developed from segmental features they can usually be correctly predicted by the archaic spelling of tibetan words unaspirated high aspirated medium voiced low nasal low letter ipa letter ipa letter ipa letter ipa guttural ཀ ka ཁ kʰa ག i ɡa ང ŋa palatal ཅ tʃa ཆ tʃʰa ཇ i dʒa ཉ ɲa dental ཏ ta ཐ tʰa ད i da ན na labial པ pa ཕ pʰa བ i ba མ ma dental ཙ tsa ཚ tsʰa ཛ i dza ཝ wa low ཞ i ʒa ཟ i za འ ɦa 19 ʼa ཡ ja medium ར ra ལ la ཤ ʃa ས sa high ཧ ha ཨ a ꞏa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 these voiced values are historical they have been devoiced in modern standard tibetan consonant clusters edit components of a tibetan syllable tibetan map of the kizil caves tarim basin 13th century ce one aspect of the tibetan script is that the consonants can be written either as radicals or they can be written in other forms such as subscript and superscript forming consonant clusters to understand how this works one can look at the radical ཀ ka and see what happens when it becomes ཀྲ kra or རྐ rka pronounced ka in both cases the symbol for ཀ ka is used but when the ར ra is in the middle of the consonant and vowel it is added as a subscript on the other hand when the ར ra comes before the consonant and vowel it is added as a superscript 18 ར ra actually changes form when it is above most other consonants thus རྐ rka however an exception to this is the cluster རྙ rɲa similarly the consonants ར ra and ཡ ja change form when they are beneath other consonants thus ཀྲ ʈ ʈʂa ཀྱ ca besides being written as subscripts and superscripts some consonants can also be placed in prescript postscript or post postscript positions for instance the consonants ག kʰa ད tʰa བ pʰa མ ma and འ a can be used in the prescript position to the left of other radicals while the position after a radical the postscript position can be held by the ten consonants ག kʰa ན na བ pʰa ད tʰa མ ma འ a ར ra ང ŋa ས sa and ལ la the third position the post postscript position is solely for the consonants ད tʰa and ས sa 18 head letters edit the head མགོ in tibetan wylie mgo letter or superscript position above a radical is reserved for the consonants ར ra ལ la and ས sa when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with ཀ ka ཅ t͡ʃa ཏ ta པ pa and ཙ t͡sa there are no changes to their sounds in lhasa tibetan for example རྐ ka རྟ ta རྤ pa རྩ t͡sa ལྐ ka ལྕ t͡ʃa ལྟ ta ལྤ pa སྐ ka སྟ ta སྤ pa སྩ t͡sa when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with ག kʰa ཇ t͡ʃʰa ད tʰa བ pʰa and ཛ t͡sʰa they lose their aspiration and become voiced in lhasa tibetan for example རྒ ga རྗ d͡ʒa རྡ da རྦ ba རྫ dza ལྒ ga ལྗ d͡ʒa ལྡ da ལྦ ba སྒ ga སྡ da སྦ ba when ར ra ལ la and ས sa are in superscript position with the nasal consonants ང ŋa ཉ ɲa ན na and མ ma they receive a high tone in lhasa tibetan for example རྔ ŋa རྙ ɲa རྣ na རྨ ma ལྔ ŋa སྔ ŋa སྙ ɲa སྣ na སྨ ma when ལ la is in superscript position with ཧ ha it becomes a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant in lhasa tibetan ལྷ l̥a sub joined letters edit the subscript position under a radical can only be occupied by the consonants ཡ ja ར ra ལ la and ཝ wa in this position they are described as བཏགས wylie btags ipa taʔ in tibetan meaning hung on affixed appended for example བ ཡ བཏགས བྱ ipa pʰa ja taʔ t͡ʃʰa except for ཝ which is simply read as it usually is and has no effect on the pronunciation of the consonant to which it is subjoined for example ཀ ཝ ཟུར ཀྭ ipa ka wa suː ka vowel marks edit the vowels used in the alphabet are ཨ a ཨི i ཨུ u ཨེ e and ཨོ o while the vowel a is included in each consonant the other vowels are indicated by marks thus ཀ ka ཀི ki ཀུ ku ཀེ ke ཀོ ko the vowels ཨི i ཨེ e and ཨོ o are placed above consonants as diacritics while the vowel ཨུ u is placed underneath consonants 18 old tibetan included a reversed form of the mark for i the gigu verso of uncertain meaning there is no distinction between long and short vowels in written tibetan except in loanwords especially those borrowed from sanskrit vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa vowel mark ipa ི i ུ u ེ e ོ o numerical digits edit main article tibetan numerals tibetan numerals ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩ devanagari numerals ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tibetan fractions decimal fractions 0 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 punctuation marks edit symbol graphemes name function ཡིག མགོ yig mgo marks beginning of a text before a headline front page of a pecha གཏེར ཡིག མགོ gter yig mgo used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts ཡིག མགོ ཨ ཕྱེད yig mgo a phyed used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts དཔེ རྙིང ཡིག མགོ dpe rnying yig mgo a variant of the yig mgo found in very old tibetan texts བསྐུར ཡིག མགོ bskur yig mgo list enumerator dzongka ཚེག tseg syllable delimiter also used as a spacer to justify text in pechas ཤད shad full stop comma or semicolon marks end of a sentence or clause and originates from the daṇḍa of indic scripts ཉིས ཤད nyis shad marks end of a paragraph or topic cp pilcrow བཞི ཤད bzhi shad marks end of a chapter or entire section གསུམ ཤད gsum shad same as bzhi shad but used when the preceding character is ཀ or ག རིན ཆེན སྤུངས ཤད rin chen spungs shad replaces shad after single orphaned syllables indicating to the reader that the preceding syllable continues from text on the previous line ཚེག ཤད tsheg shad variant of rin chen spungs shad ཉིསཚེག ཤད nyis tsheg shad variant of rin chen spungs shad སྦྲུལ ཤད sbrul shad marks the start of a new text often in a collection of texts separates chapters and surrounds inserted text གཏེར ཤད gter shad replaces shad and variants thereof in terma texts རྒྱ གྲམ ཤད rgya gram shad sometimes used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts ཆེ མགོ che mgo literally big head used preceding a reference to the dalai lama or the name of another important lama or tulku that demands great respect བསྡུས རྟགས bsdus rtags repetition འཛུད རྟགས མེ ལོང ཅན dzud rtags me long can caret indicates text insertion ཨང ཁང གཡོན འཁོར ang khang g yon khor left roof bracket ཨང ཁང གཡས འཁོར ang khang g yas khor right roof bracket གུག རྟགས གཡོན gug rtags g yon left bracket གུག རྟགས གཡས gug rtags g yas right bracket extended use edit a bilingual text tibetan and sanskrit written in tibetan script from the personal artifact collection of donald weir the tibetan alphabet when used to write other languages such as balti chinese and sanskrit often has additional and or modified graphemes taken from the basic tibetan alphabet to represent different sounds extended alphabet edit letter used in romanization ipa comments ཫ balti qa qa reversed ཀ ka ཬ ṛa ɽa reversed ར ra ཁ༹ xa χa ཁ kha with tsa phru ག༹ ġa ʁa ག ga with tsa phru ཕ༹ chinese fa fa ཕ pha with tsa phru བ༹ va va བ ba with tsa phru གྷ sanskrit gha ɡʱa ག ga with subjoined ཧ ha ཛྷ dzha d͡zʱa ཛ dza with subjoined ཧ ha ཊ ṭa ʈa reversed ཏ ta ཋ ṭha ʈʰa reversed ཐ tha ཌ ḍa ɖa reversed ད da ཌྷ ḍha ɖʱa ཌ ḍa with subjoined ཧ ha ཎ ṇa ɳa reversed ན na དྷ dha dʱa ད da with subjoined ཧ ha བྷ bha bʱa བ ba with subjoined ཧ ha ཥ ṣa ʂa reversed ཤ sha ཀྵ kṣa kʂa ཀ ka with subjoined ཥ ṣa ྈྐ vedic sanskrit ẖka xka jihvāmūlīya velar visarga before ཀ ka and ཁ kha ྈྑ ẖkha xkʰa ྉྤ ḫpa ɸpa upadhmānīya labial visarga before པ pa and ཕ pha ྉྥ ḫpha ɸpʰa it is a classical rule to transliterate sanskrit ca cha ja and jha as tibetan ཙ tsa ཚ tsha ཛ dza and ཛྷ dzha respectively rather than ཅ ca ཆ cha ཇ ja and ཇྷ jha five of the sanskrit retroflex consonants ཊ ṭa ཋ ṭha ཌ ḍa ཎ ṇa and ཥ ṣa are represented by reversed forms of their non retroflex counterparts ཏ ta ཐ tha ད da ན na and ཤ sha one further retroflex ཌྷ ḍha is formed by subjoining retroflex ཌ ḍa with ཧ ha matching the way its non retroflex counterpart དྷ dha is formed from ད da subjoined with ཧ ha extended vowel marks and modifiers edit vowel mark used in romanization ipa function ཱ sanskrit ā aː length mark for vowel a ཱི ī iː length mark for vowel i ཱུ ū uː length mark for vowel u ྲྀ ṛ r̩ marks vocalic r ྲཱྀ ṝ r̩ː marks long vocalic r ླྀ ḷ l̩ marks vocalic l ླཱྀ ḹ l̩ː marks long vocalic l ཻ ai ɐi̯ marks the diphthong ai ཽ au ɐu̯ marks the diphthong au ཾ ṃ ̃ anusvara marks nasalization or a final nasal sound depending on context ྃ m̐ ̃ chandrabindu marks a nasalized vowel ཿ ḥ h visarga marks post vocalic breath symbol graphemes name used in function ྄ srog med sanskrit virama suppresses the inherent vowel soun...
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