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ney criminal perpetrators of ddos attacks often target sites or services hosted on high profile web servers such as banks or credit card payment gateways revenge and blackmail 7 8 9 as well as hacktivism 10 can motivate these attacks history edit panix the third oldest internet service provider isp in the world was the target of what is thought to be the first dos attack on september 6 1996 panix was subject to a syn flood attack which brought down its services for several days while hardware vendors notably cisco figured out a proper defense 11 the release of sample code during the event led to the online attack of sprint earthlink e trade and other major corporations in the year to follow 12 in february 2020 amazon web services experienced an attack with a peak volume of 2 3 tb s 13 in july 2021 cloudflare boasted of protecting its client from a ddos attack from a global mirai botnet that was up to 17 2 million requests per second 14 russian ddos prevention provider yandex said it blocked an http pipelining ddos attack on september 5 2021 that originated from unpatched mikrotik networking gear 15 in the first half of 2022 the russian invasion of ukraine significantly shaped the cyberthreat landscape with an increase in cyberattacks attributed to both state sponsored actors and global hacktivist activities the most notable event was a ddos attack in february the largest ukraine has encountered disrupting government and financial sector services this wave of cyber aggression extended to western allies like the uk the us and germany particularly the uk s financial sector saw an increase in ddos attacks from nation state actors and hacktivists aimed at undermining ukraine s allies 16 in february 2023 cloudflare faced a 71 million requests per second attack which they claimed was the largest http ddos attack at the time 17 http ddos attacks are measured by http requests per second instead of packets per second or bits per second on july 10 2023 the fanfiction platform archive of our own ao3 faced ddos attacks disrupting services anonymous sudan claiming the attack for religious and political reasons was viewed skeptically by ao3 and experts flashpoint a threat intelligence vendor noted the group s past activities but doubted their stated motives ao3 supported by the non profit organization for transformative works otw and reliant on donations is unlikely to meet the 30 000 bitcoin ransom 18 19 in august 2023 the group of hacktivists noname057 targeted several italian financial institutions through the execution of slow dos attacks 20 on 14 january 2024 they executed a ddos attack on swiss federal websites prompted by president zelensky s attendance at the davos world economic forum switzerland s national cyber security centre quickly mitigated the attack ensuring core federal services remained secure despite temporary accessibility issues on some websites 21 in october 2023 exploitation of a new vulnerability in the http 2 protocol resulted in the record for largest http ddos attack being broken twice once with a 201 million requests per second attack observed by cloudflare 22 and again with a 398 million requests per second attack observed by google 23 in august 2024 global secure layer observed and reported on a record breaking packet ddos at 3 15 billion packets per second which targeted an undisclosed number of unofficial minecraft game servers 24 in october 2024 the internet archive faced two severe ddos attacks that brought the site completely offline immediately following a previous attack that leaked records of over 31 million of the site s users 25 26 the hacktivist group sn_blackmeta claimed the ddos attack as retribution for american involvement in the gaza war despite the internet archive being unaffiliated with the united states government however their link with the preceding data leak remains unclear 27 cloudflare claims to have recorded and successfully autonomously blocked a 40 second ddos attack on 23 september 2025 that reached a peak volume of 22 2 tbit s which would be the largest ddos attack to date 28 cloudflare has stated that over 404 000 source ips were used to target one ip address and that the source ips were not spoofed 29 according to cloudflare this came after several other large scale ddos attacks each consecutively beating the previous record including a 7 3 tbit s attack in may 2025 and an 11 5 tbit s attack on 1 september 2025 30 types edit denial of service attacks are characterized by an explicit attempt by attackers to prevent legitimate use of a service there are two general forms of dos attacks those that crash services and those that flood services the most serious attacks are distributed 31 distributed dos edit a distributed denial of service ddos attack occurs when multiple systems flood the bandwidth or resources of a targeted system usually one or more web servers 31 a ddos attack uses more than one unique ip address or machine often from thousands of hosts infected with malware 32 33 a distributed denial of service attack typically involves more than around 3 5 nodes on different networks fewer nodes may qualify as a dos attack but is not a ddos attack 34 35 most of the time attackers operate from an endpoint that is not their intended target for example using another user s machine to attack a server by using another unsuspecting endpoint if it becomes compromised they can then move onto another workstation within the enterprise network 36 however even faking lots of users and executing a dos attack a single attacker with few computers is still very limited in the amount of traffic they can generate 37 if the attacks are from multiple sources it can be difficult for the host to identify and stop them 38 the scale of ddos attacks has continued to rise over recent years by 2016 exceeding a terabit per second 39 40 some common examples of ddos attacks are udp flooding syn flooding and dns amplification 41 42 yo yo attack edit a yo yo attack is a specific type of dos ddos aimed at cloud hosted applications which use autoscaling 43 44 45 during the attack an attacker repeatedly changes between sending a lot of traffic which causes a scale up and stopping the burst causing a scale down as a result 46 application layer attacks edit an application layer ddos attack sometimes referred to as layer 7 ddos attack is a form of ddos attack where attackers target application layer processes 47 34 the attack over exercises specific functions or features of a website with the intention to disable those functions or features this application layer attack is different from an entire network attack and is often used against financial institutions to distract it and security personnel from security breaches 48 in 2013 application layer ddos attacks represented 20 of all ddos attacks 49 according to research by akamai technologies there have been 51 percent more application layer attacks from q4 2013 to q4 2014 and 16 percent more from q3 2014 to q4 2014 50 in november 2017 junade ali an engineer at cloudflare noted that whilst network level attacks continue to be of high capacity they were occurring less frequently ali further noted that although network level attacks were becoming less frequent data from cloudflare demonstrated that application layer attacks were still showing no sign of slowing down 51 method of attack edit the simplest dos attack relies primarily on brute force flooding the target with an overwhelming flux of packets oversaturating its connection bandwidth or depleting the target s system resources bandwidth saturating floods rely on the attacker s ability to generate the overwhelming flux of packets a common way of achieving this today is via distributed denial of service employing a botnet an application layer ddos attack is done mainly for specific targeted purposes including disrupting transactions and access to databases it requires fewer resources than network layer attacks but often accompanies them 52 an attack may be disguised to look like legitimate traffic except it targets specific application packets or functions the attack on the application layer can disrupt services such as the retrieval of information or search functions on a website 49 advanced persistent dos edit an advanced persistent dos apdos is associated with an advanced persistent threat and requires specialized ddos mitigation 53 these attacks can persist for weeks the longest continuous period noted so far lasted 38 days this attack involved approximately 50 petabits 50 000 terabits of malicious traffic 54 attackers in this scenario may tactically switch between several targets to create a diversion to evade defensive ddos countermeasures but all the while eventually concentrating the main thrust of the attack onto a single victim in this scenario attackers with continuous access to several very powerful network resources are capable of sustaining a prolonged campaign generating enormous levels of unamplified ddos traffic apdos attacks are characterized by advanced reconnaissance pre attack osint and extensive decoyed scanning crafted to evade detection over long periods tactical execution attack with both primary and secondary victims but the focus is on primary explicit motivation a calculated end game goal target large computing capacity access to substantial computer power and network bandwidth simultaneous multi threaded osi layer attacks sophisticated tools operating at layers 3 through 7 persistence over extended periods combining all the above into a concerted well managed attack across a range of targets 55 denial of service as a service edit main article stresser some vendors provide so called booter or stresser services which have simple web based front ends and accept payment over the web marketed and promoted as stress testing tools they can be used to perform unauthorized denial of service attacks and allow technically unsophisticated attackers access to sophisticated attack tools 56 usually powered by a botnet the traffic produced by a consumer stresser can range anywhere from 5 50 gbit s which can in most cases deny the average home user internet access 57 markov modulated denial of service attack edit a markov modulated denial of service attack occurs when the attacker disrupts control packets using a hidden markov model a setting in which markov model based attacks are prevalent is online gaming as the disruption of the control packet undermines gameplay and system functionality 58 symptoms edit the united states computer emergency readiness team us cert has identified symptoms of a denial of service attack to include 59 unusually slow network performance opening files or accessing websites unavailability of a particular website or inability to access any website attack techniques edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources denial of service attack news newspapers books scholar jstor february 2024 learn how and when to remove this message attack tools edit in cases such as mydoom and slowloris the tools are embedded in malware and launch their attacks without the knowledge of the system owner stacheldraht is a classic example of a ddos tool it uses a layered structure where the attacker uses a client program to connect to handlers which are compromised systems that issue commands to the zombie agents which in turn facilitate the ddos attack agents are compromised via the handlers by the attacker using automated routines to exploit vulnerabilities in programs that accept remote connections running on the targeted remote hosts each handler can control up to a thousand agents 60 in other cases a machine may become part of a ddos attack with the owner s consent for example in operation payback organized by the group anonymous the low orbit ion cannon has typically been used in this way along with high orbit ion cannon a wide variety of ddos tools are available today including paid and free versions with different features available there is an underground market for these in hacker related forums and irc channels application layer attacks edit application layer attacks employ dos causing exploits and can cause server running software to fill the disk space or consume all available memory or cpu time attacks may use specific packet types or connection requests to saturate finite resources by for example occupying the maximum number of open connections or filling the victim s disk space with logs an attacker with shell level access to a victim s computer may slow it until it is unusable or crash it by using a fork bomb another kind of application level dos attack is xdos or xml dos which can be controlled by modern web application firewalls wafs all attacks belonging to the category of timeout exploiting 61 slow dos attacks implement an application layer attack examples of threats are slowloris establishing pending connections with the victim or slowdroid an attack running on mobile devices another target of ddos attacks may be to produce added costs for the application operator when the latter uses resources based on cloud computing in this case normally application used resources are tied to a needed quality of service qos level e g responses should be less than 200 ms and this rule is usually linked to automated software e g amazon cloudwatch 62 to raise more virtual resources from the provider to meet the defined qos levels for the increased requests the main incentive behind such attacks may be to drive the application owner to raise the elasticity levels to handle the increased application traffic to cause financial losses or force them to become less competitive a banana attack is another particular type of dos it involves redirecting outgoing messages from the client back onto the client preventing outside access as well as flooding the client with the sent packets a land attack is of this type degradation of service attacks edit pulsing zombies are compromised computers that are directed to launch intermittent and short lived flooding of victim websites with the intent of merely slowing it rather than crashing it this type of attack referred to as degradation of service can be more difficult to detect and can disrupt and hamper connection to websites for prolonged periods of time potentially causing more overall disruption than a denial of service attack 63 64 exposure of degradation of service attacks is complicated further by the matter of discerning whether the server is really being attacked or is experiencing higher than normal legitimate traffic loads 65 distributed dos attack edit if an attacker mounts an attack from a single host it would be classified as a dos attack any attack against availability would be classed as a denial of service attack on the other hand if an attacker uses many systems to 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