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11th century song period these practices had been blended with buddhist ideas of karma one s own doing and rebirth and taoist teachings about hierarchies of deities to form the popular religious system which has lasted in many ways until the present day 31 chinese folk religion is sometimes categorized with taoism since over the centuries institutional taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administer local religions more accurately taoism emerged from and overlaps with folk religion and chinese philosophy chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of chinese traditional religion but more often the two are regarded as synonymous with around 454 million adherents or about 6 6 of the world population 32 chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world in the people s republic of china more than 30 of the population follows chinese popular religion or taoism 33 despite being heavily suppressed during the last two centuries from the taiping rebellion to the cultural revolution it is currently experiencing a modern revival in both mainland china and taiwan 34 35 various forms have received support by the government of the people s republic of china such as mazuism in southern china officially about 160 million chinese people are worshippers of mazu 36 huangdi worship 37 38 black dragon worship in shaanxi 39 40 41 and cai shen worship 42 self published source the term shenism was first published by aja elliot in 1955 to describe chinese folk religion in southeast asia 43 folk judaism edit in one of the first major academic works on the subject joshua trachtenberg in jewish magic and superstition a study in folk religion defined jewish folk religion as consisting of ideas and practices that whilst not meeting with the approval of religious leaders enjoyed wide popularity such that they must be included in what he termed the field of religion 44 this included unorthodox beliefs about demons and angels and magical practices later studies have emphasized the significance of the destruction of the temple in jerusalem to the many jewish folk customs linked to mourning and in particular to the belief in hibbut ha qever torture of the grave a belief that the dead are tortured in their grave for three days after burial by demons until they remember their names this idea began with early eschatological aggadot אגדות legends narratives and was further developed by the kabbalists 45 raphael patai is recognized as an early adopter of anthropology in studying jewish folk religion 46 in particular he was drawn to the female divine element 47 which he noted in the goddess asherah the shekhinah the matronit and lilith 48 writer stephen sharot has noted that jewish folk religion similar to other forms of folk religion focuses on apotropaic and thaumaturgical practices intended to protect individuals from sickness and misfortune he highlights the distinction between rabbinic judaism which adheres to orthodox practice life and halakha and the unorthodox magical rituals practitioners employ in everyday life an example mentioned is the relatively professionalized magicians known as the baal shem בַּעַל שֵׁם pl baalei shem in poland beginning in the 16th century and gaining prominence alongside practical kabbalah in the 18th century ba alei shem utilized their knowledge of the names of god and angels along with various practices such as exorcism chiromancy and herbal medicine to assist individuals in achieving success in social areas like marriage and childbirth and to bring harm to adversaries 49 charles liebman has written that the essence of the folk religion of american jews is their social ties to one another illustrated by the finding that religious practices that would prevent social integration such as a strict interpretation of kashrut and shabbat have been abandoned whilst the practices that are followed such as the passover seder social rites of passage like the b nei mitzvah and the high holy days are ones that strengthen jewish family and community integration 50 liebman described the rituals and beliefs of contemporary jewish folk religion in his works the ambivalent american jew 1973 and american jewry identity and affiliation folk christianity edit main articles folk catholicism and folk orthodoxy this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information august 2024 gauchito gil left and san la muerte right two examples of argentine folk saints folk christianity is defined differently by various scholars christianity as most people live it a term used to overcome the division of beliefs into mainstream and heterodox 51 christianity as impacted by superstition as practiced by certain geographical christian groups 52 and christianity defined in cultural terms without reference to the theologies and histories 53 folk islam edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information april 2025 folk islam is an umbrella term used to collectively describe forms of islam that incorporate native folk beliefs and practices 54 folk islam has been described as the islam of the urban poor country people and tribes 55 in contrast to orthodox or high islam gellner 1992 missing long citation 56 sufi concepts which are found in orthodox islam as well and perennialism and syncretism are often integrated into folk islam 57 58 59 60 61 62 folk hinduism edit june mcdaniel 2007 classifies hinduism into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds in order to understand the expression of emotions among the hindus 63 according to mcdaniel one of the major kinds is folk hinduism based on local ethnic traditions and cults of local deities and is the oldest non literate system of indian religions 63 folk hinduism involves worship of deities which are not found in hindu scriptures it involves worship of gramadevata village deity kuladevata household deity and local deities 64 it is a folk religion polytheist and animistic belief based on locality these religions have their own priests who worship regional deities 65 during the 19th century scholars had divided hinduism and brahmanism brahmanism was referred to as an intellectual classical tradition based on sanskrit scriptures while hinduism was associated with superstitious folk tradition the folk tradition refers to the aspects of the hindu tradition that exist in tension with the sanskritic tradition based on textual authority 66 according to m n srinivas 1976 folk hinduism is relevant in the urban context but it is neglected in ethnographic studies due to its negative connotations with folk rural masses illiterate 67 according to chris fuller 1994 popular hinduism is not degenerate textual hinduism in light of ethnographic evidence although the category of folk hinduism remains tenuous 68 according to michael witzel 1998 the folk religion is the religion of prakrit speaking and dravidian speaking lower caste while the vedic hinduism which comprises vedas and upanishads is the religion of sanskrit speaking upper caste according to asko parpola 2015 the folk village hinduism is surviving from pre rig vedic indo aryan times and the indus valley civilization culture 69 indigenous philippine folk religions edit main article indigenous philippine folk religions indigenous philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various ethnic groups in the philippines where most follow belief systems in line with animism generally these indigenous folk religions are referred to as anitism or bathalism 70 some of these beliefs stem from pre christian religions that were especially influenced by hinduism and were regarded by the spanish as myths and superstitions in an effort to de legitimize legitimate precolonial beliefs by forcefully replacing those native beliefs with catholic christian beliefs today some of these precolonial beliefs are still held by filipinos especially in the provinces see also edit mythology portal religion portal philosophy portal evil eye curse brought by a malevolent glare ethnoreligious group ethnic group also unified by a common religion list of religions list of ethnic religions perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena popular piety expressions of folk catholicism prehistoric religion religion before written records pseudoreligion non mainstream philosophical movement which functions like a religion romani folklore folktales myths oral traditions and legends of the romani people sanamahism indigenous religion of the meitei people spiritual christianity russian religious movement non orthodox tengrism religion of the eurasian steppe nations references edit 1 2 bowman marion 2004 chapter 1 phenomenology fieldwork and folk religion in sutcliffe steven ed religion empirical studies ashgate publishing pp 3 4 isbn 978 0 7546 4158 2 dunn e 2015 lightning from the east heterodoxy and christianity in contemporary china religion in chinese societies brill p 117 isbn 978 90 04 29725 8 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